the major systematic error sublimation of caffeine Essay Example For Students

the major orderly mistake sublimation of caffeine Essay Outline1 Introduction:2 Research Question:3 Background Information:4 Original Coffee beans:5 Caffeine:6 Phase Diagram:7 Roasting procedure:8 Light joint:9 Medium joint:10 Full joint:11 Double joint:12 Method:13 Variables:14 Procedures:15 Explanation of Stage 1 process:16 Premise in Stage 1 process:17 Separate caffeine from different synthetic substances in the solution18 Precaution of Stage 2:19 Explanation of Stage 2 process:20 Premises in Stage 2 process:21 Completion of caffeine imbuement ( In smolder board )22 Explanation for Stage 3 process:23 Premise in Stage 3 process:24 Raw informations:25 Decision and Analysis:26 Restrictions and Evaluations:27 Methods to choose the major orderly blunder Sublimation of caffeine:28 Further unsolved request and proposed probe:29 Bibliography:30 Appendix31 Chemicals in green java beans32 Degree of broiling Presentation: Espresso has been a mainstream drink since twentieth century, non only as a result of its distinctive colourss and spirits because of various evaluations of broiling, yet alongside the outcome on which it can keep up you to stay wakeful and to finish your occupation. It is ordinarily realized that the ground for java to have this result is a result of the caffeine inside the java beans. When all is said in done, there are four boss kinds of broiling techniques in the business, viz. , Light Roast, Medium Roast, Full Roast and Double Roast. There are a collection of uses on caffeine presents. By meddling with adenosine in encephalon and natural structure, it directs new transmittal of signs in CNS, Central Nervous System, and henceforth keeps individuals alert . Because of its short half life in human natural structure, around 4-10 hours on mean , it tends to be utilized to build the result of anodyne for harming control Besides it has outcome on confining the musculus exhaustion. In any case, caffeine can do adverse outcome on human natural structure, for delineation, increment the chest rate, take a breathing rate and makes individuals experience more qui vive and fiery, which is other than the ground why International Olympic Committee preclude high caffeine ingestion. Besides, it is a gently propensity shaping medication, so a few people can non order the ingestion of caffeine under overdose, which could take to caffeine inebriation. Additionally, blending to the a review held by Montreal University, if pregnant gro wn-up female devour more than 1.5 mug of java, the chance of fetus removal is multiplied ; if expend more than four, the chance of premature birth is significantly increased. Along these lines, the pick of caffeine ingestion from java gets basic because of its unsafe outcome on human natural structure. It is exhorted that, if vital, 100-300 milligram for each twenty-four hours of caffeine ingestion is satisfactory. Be that as it may, individuals are regularly absence of comprehension about the caffeine content in the java and have no idea what total definitely is in the java they are guzzling. In this way, they much of the time utilize their faculties to put the caffeine content in java connection to one another. In any case, there are a group of fantasies about this technique. For representation, those darker java has more caffeine than lighter java because of its dimness or that the caffeine is decimated during broiling in higher temperature, so the caffeine content in lighter java is higher than that of darker java. To prevent over-dosing of caffeine from java, it is basic for individuals to hold the general idea of looking at the caffeine content in v arious java when buying a them. In this exposition, the caffeine substance in java beans simmered in various evaluations are inspected by analyze through the extraction of caffeine by compound organizations. The result would be deciphered by focusing on the cooking system, as java beans experience most noteworthy modification in physical or compound adjustment during broiling. Despite the fact that there are a bunch of sub-degrees of the main four simmering grades, only one sub-degree from each evaluation would be chosen as delegate. Examination Question: Does distinctive cooking grade influence the caffeine content in java beans? Foundation Information: Unique Coffee beans: The first java beans are green in shading. They contain non-unstable alkaloids, proteins and amino corrosive, saccharides, lipoids, non-unpredictable chlorogenic corrosive, and unstable mixes. Among the non-unpredictable alkaloids, caffeine is the most plentiful. It contains 1-2.5 % w/w of green java been. Caffeine: Caffeine is a white, crystalline unscented and sharp appreciating strong. It exists in progress of java beans as a characteristic pesticide. Its proper name is trimethylxanthine, or in deliberate calling 1,3,7-trimethylxanthine or 3,7-dihydro-1,3,7-trimethyl-1H-purine-2,6-dione. The concoction articulation of caffeine is C8H10N4O2. It is a polar natural exacerbate that contains C, N, H and O. Its thickness in strong signifier is 1.23 g/cm3. Because of the nearness of N in the compound, caffeine is base in nature. Since it is a polar atom, it is dissolvable to H2O, especially in hot H2O. The solvency of caffeine in H2O is 22 at 25, 180 at 80, and 670 at 100. Under power per unit territory of standard encompassing temperature and power per unit zone , the runing purpose of caffeine is 238 and it can other than sublimate at 178in about vacuity , which will be clarified by stage chart following. Stage Diagram: Three general phases of issue are strong, fluid and gas. Change of stage does non just rely upon the temperature, however adjacent to the encompassing power per unit territory proceeding onward the synthetic compounds. For outline, the breaking point of H2O is 100, under standard surrounding temperature and power per unit zone. Notwithstanding, if the is put in a lower barometrical power for each unit region, the breaking point of H2O is diminished since the fume power per unit region is as of now more prominent than the climatic power per unit region, so H2O atoms can escape from the H2O surface in a lower required vitality. In this manner, each compound can experience stage modification to the three phases in various mix of temperature and power per unit region. Figure 2 is a stage graph of. The lines spliting the outline into developments speak to that under certain temperature and power per unit region, would experience modification of stage, which is balance between the two phas es that the line is spliting. For representation, the reddish line, if An A ; lt ; 1, so the coordinating defrost point increments, while the comparing breaking point, A , lessenings. Every segment has their ain stage outline to embody the entry of stages under various mix of temperature and power per unit region. Figure 3 is a phase graph embodying the stage sections of caffeine, which is not quite the same as. This is basic in ulterior perusing of the outcome in the test. It is on the grounds that simmering system includes temperature and power per unit region change. Broiling system: The main aim of cooking java beans is to take poisons, increase the gustatory sensation and concentrate the olfactory property needed. Since green java beans are troublesome, little smell and consolidate a clump of exacerbates that are bitter in gustatory sensation. Along these lines, by cooking, it can result in both physical and substance change in the green java beans. Since caffeine is the central factor that is worried in this paper, other synthetic adjustment will non be examined. Despite the fact that there are a bunch diverse cooking systems in the business, for example, fluidized bed simmering, quick broiling or level pivoting membranophone, the fundamental method of broiling is comparable. During simmering, there are 10 % to 20 % lost in weight from the green java beans. Here is a summarize of cooking strategy of java beans: Warming of Green Coffee Beans from 3-5 proceedingss ( around 25 to 100 ) The green java beans are warmed with the goal that the H2O in the first java beans dissipates at a truly quick rate. As this point, the green java beans abandon green to yellow because of caramelization of sugar in the java beans. Warming of Yellow Coffee Beans from fifth ninth proceedingss ( about 170to 200 ) The xanthous java beans are farther warmed and get down to go to brown in shading as more sugar being caramelized. Carbon dioxide and H2O are compelled to escape out of the java beans because of the high power per unit zone inside, as the temperature is truly elevated, which other than causes the amplification in size of java beans. The olfactory property other than begins to give out at this stage. First separated from tenth eleventh proceedingss ( around 210 ) A first solid of parted gives out as the java beans grow to about copy in size from green java beans in high temperature. Recognizable olfactory property is given out and the java beans turn aureate earthy colored at this stage. After this stage, fitting to various evaluations of cooking required, the java beans will experience various temperatures and clasp periods for farther warming. During the method, the sugar is caramelized farther and espresso oil is discharged. Light joint: To get obvious radiation broiled java beans, the beans from stage 3 are to be cooked around one progressively minute in roughly 215 preceding the second separated. Medium joint: For farther half to one moment from light broiled in roughly 230, a second split happens and it implies normal joint is done. Full joint: Whenever proceeded for half to one moment from medium broiled in roughly 240, full cooked java beans are gathered. Twofold joint: This is the most well-known finishing up measure that java beans would be broiled, which is gained from go oning the simmering from full cooked java beans for about a large portion of brief more in roughly 245. The sugar in the java beans at this stage is lit to fire and corrupted. The above warming technique can be accomplished by either cooking the java beans on a hot command post, which is a conventional simmering strategy in industry or set up roastin

Strategies of Maintaining Work-Life Balance

Question: Clarify the techniques of keeping up Work-Life Balance. Answer: Presentation The work-life balance is an idea that includes a precise organizing between the way of life and work of an individual (Wilton, 2013). The work incorporates the desire and vocation and then again, the way of life incorporates joy, wellbeing, relaxation, profound turn of events, family and reflection. A solid work-life equalization can be accomplished by dealing with the individual and expert existence of a person in reasonable manners, which help to keep the vitality streaming in an individual, and keeps the bodies and brains on the individual sound and entire selves content and upbeat. Procedures of Maintaining Work-Life Balance These days work-life balance is considered as the most significant qualities of the work environment, furthermore, it is considered as pay and it has been discovered that the laborers who think and feel that they have a superior parity of work-life, by and large work 21% harder than different representatives who feel that they exhausted. This suggests to give regard for all the things that are satisfied and advanced including vocation, work, wellness and wellbeing are similarly significant for adjusting the work-life of a person. The systems that can be inferred so as to keep up a superior work-life balance include: Following the time By breaking down the current circumstance one can accomplish a healthy lifestyle. One should keep a period log of the considerable number of things he accomplish for seven days that is both the individual and business related exercises. Every one of these information go about as an eye-opener as these data help in understanding the use of time for the correct work to be done and in this way helps in sparing time (Werner, Schuler, Jackson, 2012). Deciding the needs of an individual An individual ought to invest some energy for posting the needs and afterward likewise one should work at home and at work place. Defining up Specific Goals according to the rundown of needs, one should take into a lot of concrete and quantifiable destinations. This encourages a person to set objectives and furthermore assists with adjusting time between the work and the individual exercises. Planning Carefully The fruitful arrangement for the most part make arrangement for their work. This is named as date organizer. On the off chance that an individual spotlight on his date organizer and appropriately play out his employments, at that point inside a moderately lesser time he can perform more (Mondy, 2012). An individual can cautiously contemplate the date organizer toward the start of the day and as per his arrangement he can perform. Setting up Boundaries An individual should set a practical and reasonable cutoff to both the exercises at work and at home. These limits ought to be spoken with the collaborators, chiefs, family and accomplice (Ivancevich Konopaske, 2013). This helps a person in overseeing time. Dealing with the Health For each person, wellbeing is in the highest need. Thusly, every individual ought to be in a decent shape both inwardly, intellectually and genuinely as these elements put an emphasis on both the work life and individual life. Sustaining Relationships and Family The family and the companions are those connections that give fulfillment to the individuals. Along these lines, each individual ought to invest energy with their relatives and companions so as to dispose of the pressure of the work (Dessler, 2013). These connections give fulfillment to the people. Subsequently, it tends to be said that sustaining connections and family help to keep up a decent work life equalization and this likewise causes a person to perform better in his work place. Setting aside a few minutes for Own self An individual ought to give and remain quiet about time. This gives a person to perform better in the working environment. Going home at Workplace By finishing errand or work of a person at the work environment encourages the individual to give time to his loved ones (DeCenzo, Robbins, Verhulst, 2013). This additionally assists with keeping balance between the work life and the individual life. Working sagaciously and not barely - One should work in an arranged manner. This causes a person to work more without giving all the more difficult work. Knowing the Right Time for Asking Help When the individuals are overpowered with work and stress, at that point one should take help from others. This assists with lessening pressure and accordingly an individual can adjust well between the work life and individual exercises (Bohlander Snell, 2013). End In this way, it very well may be reasoned that by executing all the twelve techniques appropriately, an individual can keep up a superior adjusted work-life. It can likewise be said that there are chiefly three explanations behind which the work life balance is significant. These incorporate the people become less defenseless to the burnouts, legitimate consideration can be given where it is required and the people likewise experience less medical issues. Therefore, it very well may be said that so as to lead the work life balance in a superior manner, each individual ought to follow the above expressed systems. References Bohlander, G. Snell, S. (2013).Principles of human asset the executives. Australia: South-Western/Cengage Learning. DeCenzo, D., Robbins, S., Verhulst, S. (2013).Fundamentals of human asset the board. Hoboken, NJ: John Wiley Sons. Dessler, G. (2013).Human asset the board. Boston: Prentice Hall. Ivancevich, J. Konopaske, R. (2013).Human asset the board. New York, NY: McGraw-Hill Irwin. Mondy, R. Mondy, J. (2012).Human asset the executives. Boston: Prentice Hall. Werner, S., Schuler, R., Jackson, S. (2012).Human asset the executives. Australia: South-Western Cengage Learning. Wilton, N. (2013).An prologue to human asset the executives. London: SAGE.

Module 10 World Alliance vs. World ChaosAmerican Foreign Policy in the Essay

Module 10 World Alliance versus World ChaosAmerican Foreign Policy in the Twentieth Century - Essay Example The Vietnam War was never, at any phase of the contention, well known with the American open and, for sure, the strikes and fights against this war are as much a piece of US history similar to the war itself. Given the certain disagreeability of the war, one can just accept that the United States' administration had a reason for association in this contention. As needs be, so as to come to a target end result with respect to the United States' association in this war, the political and recorded setting of the contention will be thought of, following which the two interchange perspectives will be introduced for assurance of their individual qualities and shortcoming. The Vietnam War has its foundations in the Viet Minh's battle for the autonomy of Vietnam from Japanese control during the Second World War. The pioneer of this battle, Ho Chi Minh, was a socialist national who, albeit autonomous of USSR control, kept up well disposed and agreeable relations with Moscow. Notwithstanding coalition with the Soviet Union, in any case, the United States effectively upheld Ho Chi Minh's offered for autonomy and, in attestation and assertion of its help, the United States even prepared Ho Chi Minh's guerilla contenders, setting them up for the seizure of their nation and the announcement of Vietnam freedom following World War II. Following the acquiescence of the Japanese Imperial Army in World War II, a few groups rose, requesting authority over an autonomous Vietnam. The Japanese, be that as it may, granted the Viet Minh authority over the nation and, on 2 September 1945, Ho Chi Minh announced his nation's freedom from French expansionism, communicating his certainty and expectation in US support. There were a few purposes behind Ho Chi Minh's certainty. The first was the help which the United States had expanded him in the preparation of Viet Minh guerillas. The second was the United States' resistance to European expansionism and backing for autonomy. As such, there was a string establishment for Ho Chi Minh's conviction that the United States would bolster his legislature. The United States' universal relations' needs and plan, nonetheless, experienced a huge move following World War II and it didn't bolster the Viet Minh. The Cold War had started and the United States, who saw of the world as being separated into two camps, the socialist and the entrepreneur camps, was resolved to check the intensity of the Soviet Union. It considered the To be Union as a genuine danger toward the West, to the United States and was completely persuaded that should it permit Vietnam to tumble to socialism, it would be legitimately adding to the development of Soviet Union and would encourage the domino impact, wherein one nation after the other would tumble to socialism. The United States didn't just change its methodology vis- - vis Vietnam and its prior help of Ho Chi Minh, however did battle so as to guarantee that Vietnam didn't tumble to socialism, henceforth Soviet impact. Authority of Vietnam got vague. The United States was against ho Chi Minh and Moscow upheld him. In the long run, in the Geneva Conference of 1954, the nation was apportioned until such a period hen national races could be held and settles on initiative. The United States picked Ngo Dinh Diem, an affirmed enemy of socialist as the pioneer of

Prescriptive Grammar Essay

This exercise features the significant reality that etymologists portray the linguistic arrangement of a language based on what individuals really state, not what they should state. To an etymologist, punctuation comprises of those developments made a decision about worthy by a local speaker’s instincts. This is saying that semantics is distinct and not prescriptive. Etymology is graphic, not prescriptive. Numerous individuals partner knowing a language with talking and composing it as indicated by the syntactic guidelines set up for that language in syntax books and word references. The investigation of etymological skill does exclude the investigation of prescriptive guidelines that guarantee that one sentence instead of another is right. Rather, etymologists are keen on what speakers of a language really state and what they acknowledge as conceivable in the language, whether or not the development coordinates the punctuation rules placed by the syntax â€Å"police.† This way to deal with sentence structure is distinct instead of prescriptive. Clear sentence structure is the thing that speakers state, and when, why and how they state it (and not whether they ought to or shouldn’t say it.) Linguists worry about finding what speakers think about a language and portraying that information dispassionately. They devise rules of elucidating sentence structure. For example, a language specialist portraying English may plan rules, for example, these: 1.Some English speakers end a sentence with a relational word (Who would you like to address?) 2.Some English speakers utilize twofold negatives for nullification (I don’t have nothing.) 3.Adjectives go before the things they alter (red book, pleasant person) 4.To structure the plural of a thing, include - s (1 room, 2 rooms; 1 book, 2 books) 5.The vowel sound in the word suit is delivered with adjusted lips. Etymologists don’t make informed decisions regarding whether the speakers ought to or shouldn’t talk a specific way. Unmistakable sentence structure, at that point, is made by language specialists as a model of speakers’ etymological capability. Prescriptive language is the thing that speakers ought to or shouldn’t say. At the point when a great many people consider â€Å"grammatical rules,† they consider what etymologists call rules of prescriptive sentence structure. Prescriptive standards reveal to you how to talk or compose, as indicated by someone’s thought of what is â€Å"good† or â€Å"bad.† obviously, there is nothing intrinsically positive or negative about any utilization of language; prescriptive principles serve just to shape your communicated in and composed language to some standard. Here are a couple of instances of prescriptive principles; youâ can likely consider others. 1.The subject of a sentence must concur with the action word (The guidelines are clear NOT The directions is clear.) 2.Use much for tally things. Utilize numerous for non-tally things (We don’t have a lot of espresso AND We don’t have numerous cups of espresso.) 3.Capitalize the principal letter of a sentence (The TV is broken. It should be fixed.) 4.Use subject pronouns after the action word be (It was I who called you NOT It was me who called you.) 5.Use the clear article the before names of waterways and topographical territories however not before the names of lakes or landmasses (the Nile, the Middle East AND Lake Tahoe, Asia) Notice that the prescriptive guidelines make a worth judgment about the accuracy of an articulation. Engaging guidelines, then again, acknowledge the examples a speaker really uses and attempt to represent them. Illustrative guidelines take into account various assortments of a language; they don’t overlook a development just in light of the fact that some prescriptive grammarian doesn’t like it. On the off chance that semantics is graphic and not prescriptive, at that point for what reason do we have prescriptive guidelines at any rate? All in all, if prescriptive guidelines are not founded on genuine use, how could they emerge? A large number of these guidelines were really imagined by somebody. During the seventeenth and eighteenth hundreds of years, researchers got distracted with the craftsmanship, thoughts, and language of old Greece and Rome. The old style time frame was viewed as a brilliant age and Latin as the ideal language. The idea that Latin was some way or another preferred or cleaner over contemporary dialects was reinforced by the way that Latin was by then carefully a composed language and had since a long time ago stopped to experience the progressions common to communicated in language. For some journalists of the seventeenth and eighteenth hundreds of years, the guidelines of Latin became, at whatever point remotely plausible, the principles of English. It is to some degree astounding that decides that don't reflect real language use ought to endure. There are a few reasons, be that as it may, for the proceeded with presence of prescriptive guidelines. 1.Rules give a standard type of a language that is acknowledged by most speakers of that language. Adherence to prescriptive principles permits a speaker to be comprehended by the best conceivable number of people. This is particularly significant for a language, for example, German, which has vernaculars so not the same as each other that their speakers can't generally see one another. 2.A arrangement of standard principles is essential for understudies learning English (or some other language) as a subsequent language. Envision the disarray if there were no rules for learning Englishâ (or Spanish, or Japanese, or Arabic, and so on.) Thus, rules fill a helpful need for language instructors and students also. 3.Most significantly, there are social purposes behind prescriptive guidelines. Nonstandard vernaculars are still disapproved of by numerous gatherings and can restrain one’s advancement in the public arena. The presence of prescriptive principles permits a speaker of a nonstandard lingo to get familiar with the guidelines of the standard tongue and utilize them in fitting social conditions. In this way, prescriptive guidelines are utilized as a guide in social portability. This doesn't mean, notwithstanding, that these decisions about tongues are semantically legitimate. The possibility that one tongue of a language is inherently better than another is just bogus. From a carefully phonetic perspective all lingos are similarly acceptable and similarly substantial. To look down on nonstandard lingos is to practice a type of social and phonetic bias. We’ll study language and personality in our next module. As indicated by the Merriam-Webster Online Dictionary, the term dates from 1706 and is characterized as â€Å"a individual who follows carefully and frequently unreasonably to a tradition†, particularly â€Å"one distracted with the virtue of a language and its security from the utilization of remote or modified forms.† A perfectionist is one who wants that a thing stay consistent with its quintessence and liberated from debasing or weakening impacts.

Health Related Quality of Life Relationship with Family

Wellbeing Related Quality of Life Relationship with Family Relationship of Health †Related Quality of Life to Family Dynamics and Social Support among Pediatric Patients with Leukemia in Tertiary Hospitals in Northern Philippines Jonas P. Cruz Unique Foundation of the Study: Leukemia is the most pervasive malignant growth influencing youngsters around the globe however larger part of the cases are idiopathic in nature. By and large, patients with Leukemia experience less fortunate wellbeing related personal satisfaction contrasted with everybody. Despite the fact that a wide enthusiasm for contemplating the wellbeing related personal satisfaction of these sorts of patients where on the lime light in the ongoing years, none of these works concentrated on analyzing the relationship of the HRQoL to the relational peculiarities and social help of the patients. This investigation intends to analyze the relationship of Health †Related Quality of Life (HRQoL) to the relational intricacies and social help among pediatric patients determined to have Leukemia. Structure: This examination is a cross †sectional, connection study. Technique: A survey with four sections will be utilized to assemble information on segment information of the patients and their family, their relational peculiarities, social help and wellbeing related personal satisfaction. Information will be gathered from pediatric patients matured 5 to 18 years with Leukemia, their folks and kin. Information will be dealt with utilizing the IBM SPSS Statistics. Both elucidating and inferential insights will be utilized. Foundation of the Study Leukemia is the most predominant malignant growth influencing kids the world over yet larger part of the cases are idiopathic in nature.1 In the United States, Leukemia is one of the most analyzed disease and one of the main sources of passings among kids in 2011 with the most noteworthy frequency rate (8.8 per 100,000) in kids matured 1 to 4 years and most elevated demise rate (0.8 per 100,000) among kids matured 15 to 19 years.2 Similarly, youngsters with Leukemia is significantly the quickest †developing sorts of patients in clinics in the Philippines. It represent around 40 to 60 percent of malignant growths in kids and bested the rundown of executioner sicknesses more than the consolidated number of passings brought about by dengue hemorrhagic, blood contamination and prematurity.3 In the ongoing report from the Department of Health of the Philippines, Leukemia is among the ten driving reasons for kid mortality with 2.7, 2.4 and 1.8 per 100,000 populace for kids matured 1 t o 4 years of age, 5 to 9 years of age and 10 to 14 years of age, separately. This is a disturbing movement since in the previous years; Leukemia was not part of the list.4 In an ongoing report, youth leukemia relative endurance in the Philippines was seen as lower (32.9 %) contrasted with Asian Americans (80.1 %) and Caucasians (81.9 %). Besides, fulfillment of equivalent endurance paces of kids in the Philippines lingered behind by 20 to >30 years contrasted and kids with Leukemia in the United States.5 This current distinction can be credited with inadequacy in pediatric malignant growth care, detachment or inaccessibility of the required analytic and treatment modalities, budgetary imperatives and unawareness.5-9 In an overall point of view, treatment has discernibly upgraded over the previous decades and the general pace of endurance among youngsters with Leukemia has additionally increased.10-12 While the anticipation of leukemia in kids has improved significantly, so as the ascent of clinical enthusiasm for understanding the wellbeing related personal satisfaction among youth Leukemia patients.13 Various examinations were led to decide the wellbeing related personal satisfaction of these patients and their disparities between those patients experiencing support chemotherapy with those not on treatment, distinguish the elements that influences their HRQoL,14-16 HRQoL of youth leukemia survivors,17-19 contrast between persistent, parent intermediary revealed and clinician announced HRQoL,20,21 and HRQoL of guardians dealing with these patients22. An investigation has revealed that the social, physical and enthusiastic wellbeing and prosperity of youth Leukemia patients are fundamentally lowe r contrasted with their locale peers.21 Furthermore, these patients experienced declining shortfalls in HRQoL during dynamic treatment stages which is equivalent to losing roughly 2 months immaculate wellbeing life.23 Treatment like support chemotherapy had demonstrated impact on the personal satisfaction of kids with Leukemia. Patients accepting this sort of treatment revealed lower HRQoL in all areas than the individuals who are not on treatment. Psychosocial wellbeing was accounted for to be generally influenced. In like manner, guardians dealing with youngsters experiencing upkeep chemotherapy revealed altogether lower personal satisfaction when contrasted with guardians of patients who are not experiencing the equivalent therapy.14 Similarly, overcomers of Leukemia have indicated poor HRQoL17 be that as it may, backslid survivors detailed lower general wellbeing contrasted with non-backslid survivors24. Elements influencing the personal satisfaction were additionally recognized and announced by some exploration contemplates. These components that can influence the HRQoL of pediatric patients with Leukemia incorporates the kind of malignancy treatment they are experiencing, for example, chemotherapy and the utilization of Dexamethasone which was accounted for to cause lower HRQoL.14,25-27 Impaired by and large rest were likewise answered to be related with lower HRQoL among these patients. More issues were found as related with rest nervousness, delay on rest beginning, sentiment of tiredness during day time and night wakenings.27-29 Childrens torment and weakness more than three days following a chemotherapy likewise impact the personal satisfaction of the patients as well as their family.30 Cancer itself is a significant factor influencing the HRQoL and the phase of infection demonstrated an impressive significance on HRQoL scores.31 Moreover, clinically importance relationship to HRQoL were seen with tension, sorrow and obesity.32 Another examination additionally announced length of emergency clinic affirmation, expanded recurrence of medical clinic visits, female patients, more youthful time of diagnosing the malady, and the size of the family were completely related to a lower over HRQoL scores of these patients.33 Despite the fact that a wide enthusiasm for contemplating the wellbeing related personal satisfaction of these kinds of patients where on the lime light in the ongoing years, none of these works concentrated on looking at the relationship of the HRQoL to the relational peculiarities and social help of the patients. A portion of the past research examines have concentrated on the effect of dealing with a youngster with Leukemia to the personal satisfaction of the guardian and their family just as the weight of care for these patients.34-38 However, relational peculiarities and social help and its relationship to HRQoL was rarely endeavored. Relational peculiarities are the cooperation between individuals from the family just as the various connections that is available inside a family. Each family has its own one of a kind dynamic, which is evident in its own novel way.39 The entire relational intricacies can be comprehend by estimating the family working, family condition and family nature of life.40 Family elements possibly influenced by the presence of the ailment of the kids and might be adjusted. How relatives see the family when taking care of duty, for example, dealing with the patient alludes to family working. This licenses distinguishing singular view of family esteems as a psychosocial or social help asset. The manner in which every relative sees the adequacy and nature of this asset can essentially impact the wellbeing status of its member.41 Although positive relationship among relatives and social help can diminish dangers of mortality and improve all out wellbeing, contemplates have detailed that some fam ilial relations contrarily influence wellbeing. Negative impact on wellbeing can be brought about by risky and non-strong familial connections. Low quality connections can hurt physical and mental health.42 Further, couples with inconsistent division of dynamic and force are connected with more elevated levels of depression.43 Living and being raised in an unsupported, careless or brutal condition is additionally related with poor physical wellbeing and development.42 On the other hand, great family connections are critical indicator for a superior HRQoL as appeared in an examination on pediatric consume survivors.44 Likewise, less contentions inside the family were related to higher caliber of life among diabetes patients.45,46 Studies have likewise announced connection between social help and HRQoL. More elevated levels of social help were demonstrated to be related to bring down hazard for physical dysfunctions, mental issues, and mortality.47 Social help can turn around the undesirable impacts of distressing circumstances and incessant wellbeing conditions.48 Various investigations have set up the way that social help can influence the HRQoL patients with intense or interminable conditions in general.47-51 However, concentrates on its relationship to HRQoL among kids and youthful patients with Leukemia are meager to non-existing. Hence, relational peculiarities and social help are theorized in this present investigation to be an indicator of HRQoL of pediatric patients with Leukemia. It is then the point of this investigation to comprehend the pediatric Leukemia patients’ relational intricacies and social help and their wellbeing related personal satisfaction and analyze their relationship with one another. Goals of the Study This investigation plans to look at the relationship of Health †Related Quality of Life (HRQoL) to the relational intricacies and social help among pediatric patients determined to have Leukemia. In particular, it looks to: Survey the relational peculiarities of the pediatric patients with Leukemia utilizing the Family APGAR; Recognize the apparent social help of the pediatric patients with leukemia as far as: Family support, Companion support Critical other help; Decide the self †detailed and parent †intermediary revealed Health †Related Qu

25 Must-Read 2019 YA and Middle Grade Books With Asians on the Cover

25 Must-Read 2019 YA and Middle Grade Books With Asians on the Cover When I sat down to make this list last year, I focused on East Asian representation on book covers because, well, Im Korean-American and I was desperate to find myself on a cover. This year, I am including everyone who falls under the umbrella of being Asian because   everyone deserves feel represented in books and on the covers.    And also Im extremely happy to report that there are so many more than these 25! These are all 2019 young adult or middle grade releases and feature a person of Asian descent on the cover. All of the authors are authors of color and are women! The Weight of Our Sky By Hanna Alkaf This book takes place in 1969 during the race riots between the Chinese and the Malays. Melati believes that there is a djinn inside of her and she is plagued by images of her mothers death. She only finds relief when she adheres to a strict ritual of counting and tapping to keep the djinn happy. The Weight of Our Sky is a beautiful historical fiction novel with great mental health (OCD) representation. Internment By Samira Ahmed In this heartbreakingly timely novel, our story is set in a dystopian United States, where Muslim-American citizens are being rounded up and sent to internment camps. When Layla and her family are forced into one of these camps, she is forced to deal with a new reality and becomes involved in a revolution movement against the guards of the camp. Love From A to Z By S.K. Ali Zayneb is fed up. As the only Muslim in her class, she has to experience her teachers reminding her classmates how bad and dangerous Muslims are. Zayneb confronts her teacher and gets suspended and decides to visit her aunt in Qatar to try to relax. Its there that she meets Adam, who has recently been diagnosed when multiple sclerosis and is hiding the secret from his family. The Candle and the Flame By Nafiza Azad Along the Silk Road is the city of Noor, which is still struggling to escape the pains of its past where a djinn tribe annihilated the entire population, minus Fatima and two others. Now, the city is ruled by a new maharajah and is protected by the Ifrit, a djinn tribe of order and reason. But when a prominent Ifrit dies, Fatima is forever changed and is quickly sucked into the power of the maharajah and the djinn. A Match Made in Mehendi By Nandini Bajpai Simi comes from a long line from Indian matchmakers and when she successfully sets up her cousin with the perfect matchâ€"her family is convinced she is the next big family matchmaker. Even though Simi wants nothing to do with her family practice, she realizes it may help improve her social status and creates a matchmaking app that quickly takes her school by storm. The Beauty of the Moment By Tanaz Bhathena On the surface, Susan and Malcolm are polar opposites. Shes the driven overachiever and hes the bad boy with a reputation to match. Despite their differences, Susan and Malcolm are drawn to each other and eventually fall in love. Together, they navigate culture, family and self-acceptance all while continuously falling apart and coming together. Our Wayward Fate By Gloria Chao Ali Chu is used to being the only Asian person at her school so when Chase Yu transfers and is also Taiwanese, Ali must suddenly deal with people wanting them to be together just because they are both Asian. Despite her misgivings, Ali begins to really like Chase and thinks her parents will be thrilled about her dating a Taiwanese boy…but theyre not. In fact, shes forced to end their relationship. Ali wants to know why. All the Ways Home By Elsie Chapman When Kaede Hiranos mother dies in a car crash, he is sent to live with his estranged grandmother. Unable to truly heal, Kaede begins acting out at school and develops an anger problem. Learning that he is in danger of having to repeat the 7th grade, Kaede is given a special summer assignment: to write an essay on what home means to him. As Kaede journeys to Japan to stay with his father and older half-brother, he learns what home really is and that it means different things to everyone. Wicked Fox By Kat Cho Gu Miyoung is hiding a pretty big secretâ€"shes a mystical gumiho, aka a nine-tailed fox that takes its energy from men. When she decides to save instead of hunting one night, she rescues Jihoon and loses her gumiho soul. Jihoon knows what he saw and is drawn to Miyoung anyways. Miyoung is desperate to be reunited with her gumiho, but doing so may be dangerous and come with a price. We Hunt the Flame By Hafsah Faizal Zafira is masquerading as a male hunter in order to be recognized as a hero among her people, while Nasir is the son of a blood-hungry king who works behind the scenes to assassinate those who defy his father…but also holds a deep compassion for others. Zafira and Nasir cross paths while both on a mission to retrieve an ancient artifact that will restore magic to the land, but with one hitch: Nasir has also been assigned the task of killing the famed Hunter, who just happens to be Zafira’s alter ego. Somewhere Only We Know By Maurene Goo Lucky is currently the biggest K-pop star and is on the verge of breaking into the American market. After a performance in Hong Kong, she escapes her hotel room in search of a hamburger. Its there that she meets Jack, a tabloid reporter looking for the next big story that will make him millions. Enter Lucky and the opportunity he needs. Lalani of the Distant Sea By Erin Entrada Kelly This book is based off of Filipino mythology and folklore and focuses on Lalani, a young Sanlagitan girl who must go on a journey to save her family and her village. And although Lalani is an ordinary 12-year-old, she finds within herself that she is in fact extraordinary and capable of conquering evil and going on great adventures. The Love Lies of Rukhsana Ali By Sabina Khan Rukhsana is caught between two worlds: the conservative, traditional Muslim one of her family and the world she wants to live in where she can wear crop tops and kiss her girlfriend. After her parents catch her with Ariana, they send Rukhsana to Bangladesh so she can be immersed in the culture they desperately want her to assimilate to. The Downstairs Girl by Stacey Lee Jo Kuan is leading a double lifeâ€"during the day, shes a maid to a spoiled daughter of one of Atlantas wealthiest families, but at night shes penning the local newspapers advice column, Dear Miss Sweetie. Jo is surprised when her column becomes extremely popular and decides to use the platform to address wrongs in their current society. This, unsurprisingly, is not well received. Dragon Pearl By Yoon Ha Lee Mins family has the gift of fox spirits, but they are forbidden to use their powers in order to keep them safe. Min dreams of leaving her strict household and escaping like her older brother, Jun, who joined the Space Forces and never looked back. When Min and her family learn that Jun has abandoned his post to go searching for the mystical object, the Dragon Pearl, its so out of character for Jun that Min knows that something is wrong. Spin the Dawn By Elizabeth Lim Maia, the daughter of a renowned tailor, has similar dreams of becoming the greatest tailor in the land. But similarly to  Flame in the Mist, because she is a girl, the only thing she’s supposed to do in her life is get married. But when her father is summoned by the emperor to compete for a chance to be the royal tailor, she takes his place and heads off with the hope of accomplishing her dreams. There’s Something About Sweetie By Sandhya Menon When Ashish Patel gets dumped, his parents insist its because he needs to date an Indian American girl. Annoyed of their attempts to control his relationships, Ashish challenges them to find him the perfect girl. Enter Sweetie Nair, who is equally keen to get her parents off of her back, who think that her being fat will prevent her from ever finding a relationship. Eclipse the Skies By Maura Milan Ia Cocha, once an infamous criminal mastermind has found herself working for the commonwealth she once acted out against. After an altercation with her brother, Einn, nearly killing her in the process, Ia learns that Einn is attempting to tear apart their universe, she teams up with the Royal Star Force under one condition: that she gets to kill Einn herself. With the help of her friends Brinn and Knives, Ia embarks on an adventure to save the commonwealth she now represents. Under the Broken Sky By  Mariko Nagai Told in verse, this book focuses on Natsu and her younger sister, Cricket, who are orphaned when her father is recruited to the Japanese army during World War II. In order to keep Cricket safe and alive, Natsu sells her to a Russian family but greatly regrets her decision and sets off to get her sister back. Girls of Storm and Shadow By Natasha Ngan The sequel to Ngans bestselling debut, Girls of Storm and Shadow picks up where the first book left offâ€"with Lei and Wren having escaped the palace of the Demon King. Their journey to find support to overthrow the oppressive monarchy takes them to the rebel clans where they must make difficult alliances to protect their friends, their family and most important, their relationship. Fake It Till you Break It By Jenn P. Nguyen Ever since birth, Mia and Jakes mothers have hoped that they would fall in love and unite their families. Theres just one hitch: Mia and Jake do not get along. Annoyed with their mothers constant ploys to get them together, Mia and Jake hatch a plan: pretend to date, appease their mothers, and then stage a horrific breakup that will get their mothers off their backs. I think you know where this is going… Rogue Heart By Axie Oh In this follow up to Rebel Seoul, we travel from Neo Seoul to Neo Beijing, where Ama is keeping a low profile by working in a bakery and moonlighting as a lounge singer. But she soon learns she cannot escape her past when shes recruited by a resistance group called PHNXâ€"but it will involve her facing her past and Commander Alex Kim, the boy who horribly broke her heart. Ruse By Cindy Pon In the sequel to Want, Jason Zhou is back and is recovering from the bombing of Jin Corp that happened in the first book. When Jany Tsai refuses to sell Jin a super secret encrypted tech, he kills her and sets out to the find the next person who has the information. That person is Lingyi and she is the only one who has access to the encrypted info that Jin needs. Jason sets off to find Lingyi and prevent Jin from winning. Tell Me How You Really Feel By Aminah Mae Safi Rachel Recht was the first girl that Sana Khan, a popular cheerleader, ever asked out. Rachel, however, thought Sana was playing a cruel joke and has hated her ever since. But when Rachel is needs a lead for her senior film project, she knows the perfect person: Sana. But that means theyll have to get along. The Girl King By Mimi Yu Sisters Lu and Min know their places within the empire. Lu will become the first female ruler and Min will forever be considered number two. On his deathbed, their father names their male cousin, Set, his heir and next king. Betrayed, both girls are hell-bent on revenge.

Literature Book Review Essay - 825 Words

Literature: Book Review (Essay Sample) Content: Book Review: A Thousand Splendid Suns By Joanne SmithCourse: Asian Literature TutorUniversity of CreteDateWar: how does the book bring the war in Afghanistan home to you? Do you know anyone who has served overseas or plans to do so? Does the discussion of the effect of war in Kabul make you feel more aware of what war does to people? Describe three characters who suffer terribly because they lived through war. (No deaths). They do not have to be major characters.The book brings the war in Afghanistan home to me by showing that war affects real people through loss of life, breaking up of families, and perpetration of violence against women. Living in a peaceful country has the effect of making people insensitive to and oblivious of the suffering that war causes. Until war affects them directly, they develop a sense of safety and consequently, care less about what is happening in other countries. Although I do not know anyone who has served overseas, after reading the b ook and its description of its effects in Kabul and its residents, I am more conscious of the reality of war and its negative impact on society. War is no longer the fantasy or fiction that I read about in fiction thrillers or watch in Hollywood movies. It is a phenomenon that is as real as the people it affects. In the novel, the characters of Laila, Tariq, and Aziza are badly affected by war. Lailas life is disrupted from childhood when she is forced to drop out of school because of the war. Her family is also disrupted after her older two brothers leave to join the war against the Soviets. She later loses them both after they are killed in the war. In addition, she loses both her parents when a rocket hit their house. Tariq, Lailas childhood lover, is forced to leave the country and flee to Pakistan, which disrupts his family life. As a young boy, he loses his leg in a landmine explosion, and he is disabled for life as a consequence. His life in Pakistan as a refugee forces him i nto hashish smuggling, which lands him in prison. Aziz, Laila and Tariqs daughter, suffers as a child when Rasheed, her stepfather, takes her into an orphanage partly because he is not her biological father and partly because he does not value girls. B. Do Men Hate Women? Does the book make you think that men hate women? Why or why not? Who hates women in this book? Who mistreats them? How does the fate of women change throughout the novel? Are there any advantages in living in such a society? If so, name them. If not, explain why not? Are there men who do not seem to hate women in this book? Who are they? Describe in detail what two of them do to show that they value women and care about their fate.The manner in which female characters are treated in the novel can easily lead to the conclusion that men hate women. However, the novel shows that it is not an issue of hatred, but rather the existence of cultural norms and ideologies that promote institutional oppression of women and violation of womens rights. The oppression of women begins from childhood exemplified in the way the Muslim society values boys than girls. In the novel, Rasheed mistreats and abuses his first wife because she has not been able to give him a son. Secondly, the lack of legal protection for women against domestic violence, and the impunity that men who abuse their wives enjoy, shows how the marriage institution promotes oppression of women in Muslim societies. Thirdly, the Taliban, upon coming to power, implements laws that prohibit women from traveling without male company. This shows that society promotes the oppression of women both at individual and institutional levels. It is arguable, however, that Rasheed has a personal hatred toward women from the way he abuses Mariam both verbally and physically. For instance, he forces Mariam to chew pebbles of rocks after complaining that she has been giving him bad food (Hosseini 2009; 94). In addition, he mistreats and refuses to take car e of Aziz because she is a girl and not the boy he desires. Thus, his cruelty towards women indicates that he hates them personally. The fate of women changes throughout the novel differently for different characters. Nana becomes a single mother after giving birth to Mariam out of wedlock. Her condition in life worsens when Jalil banishes her from the town in which she worked. She eventually commits suicide after concluding, incorrectly, that her daughter has run a...

The King James Version Bible - 1483 Words

Amy J. Helgeson Beth Baxley Advanced English 9, Period 5 20 April 2015 To Preach or Not to Preach The King James version bible states in ‘Genesis 1:26-27’ that â€Å"Gods image is shared equally by women and men†. ‘Exodus 36:1’ says, â€Å"use your skills to honor God†. Despite what the bible seems to be saying, women do not have the same opportunities as men in Christian religious settings. Imagine a woman in the Christian faith who has the qualifications to preach the word of God and the eagerness to serve the Lord. Logically, she should be awarded the job position. However, she is not even considered for that opportunity. In multiple recurring instances, the church congregation has discriminated against women, not allowing them to have the same opportunities as the men in the community. These women are not only discriminated against, but are scoffed at, even penalized for wanting these positions. Women should not be penalized for having faith in the Lord and wanting to share it with others. The bible states how both women and men are equ al and are to use the skills they have to honor God. The congregation should not limit these human resources to only men, when highly qualified and respected women are willing and able to serve. Gender discrimination is a problem in Christian Churches because women who are qualified are unable to access jobs, are experiencing emotional stress, and are being penalized for wanting changes within the church. Historically, the bible has multipleShow MoreRelatedThe King James Version Of The Bible1517 Words   |  7 Pagesonly one example of the many in the King James Version of The Bible, that tells one who Joseph really was. Joseph was only 17 years old when he was introduced in the Bible. Joseph, was his father’s favorite out of all his brothers, he knew it-and so did they. He received a coat of many colors, which back in this time period everyone had coats; however, the coat given to Joseph was ankle length and in beautiful colors (meaning royalty). The coat, according to the Bible, was given to Joseph by his fatherRead MoreThe Merchant Of Venice And The King James Version Of The Bible1348 Words   |  6 Pagescombination of prudence and ambition. Shakespeare’s Merchant of Venice, Mary Shelly’s Frankenstein, and the King James Version of the Bible supply examples where characters’ success is based on their ambition and their prudence. Ambition must be tempe red with prudence in order to achieve any sort of good result; sole ambition leads one to failure and/or destruction. In the Merchant of Venice and the Bible Bassanio, Eve, and Jacob are able to mix their ambition with prudence and as a result are successfulRead MoreThe Old Testament, By King James Version Of The Bible2071 Words   |  9 Pagesportrayed in the Old Testament are that land is an inheritance, land is to be shared with all of humanity, and land can be both a gift and a curse depending on the ability of the people to follow God’s commandments. Often times in the King James Version of the bible we hear of the people of Israel â€Å"conquering† or â€Å"possessing† the land. This can lead the reader astray in that it portrays the stories of the Old Testament as a series of wars ordained by God in order for the people to inhabit the landRead MoreThe Magna Carte, The Declaration Of Independence, And But The Communist Manifesto1534 Words   |  7 Pagesshape humanity. The Bible has had perhaps more impact on humanity than any other Document ever written. Many people read the Bible, but know little of the history of the Bible itself. The history of the Bible is a fascinating story of the creation of the Bible versions seen today. Many people are familiar with at least some of the contents of the Bible, but the average person knows little of the people, processes, and events involved in its creation and translations. The Bible is a collection ofRead MoreChanges Due to English Evolution Affect Integrity of the Bible1705 Words   |  7 Pagescontrol of the Holy Bible without many recorded challenges for more than one thousand years, according to several historical documents. Church authorities told church members they could neither read nor interpret the text themselves. The principles clergy taught in church were what churchgoers often believed. Eventually, a high-ranking German monk named Martin Luther challenged church officials in the 16th century and began reading and interpreting the Scriptures. As he studied the Bible, he found manyRead MoreWilliam Coverdale ( 1488-1569 ), The Great Bible911 Words   |  4 Pages William Coverdale (1488-1569), The Great Bible The atmosphere changed in England as Rome and Henry the VIII came into conflict. Henry the VII wanted to divorce his Catholic wife, Katherine of Aragon, the Catholic Church refused. When the Pope refused, Henry VII renounced the Catholic Church and appointed himself head of the Church of England. To spite the Catholic Church and unify his kingdom, he ordered the Bible printed and translated into English, and placed in all the churchesRead MoreShort Essay1304 Words   |  6 PagesTHEO 201-C05 Priscilla Ohene Liberty University October 23th, 2014 Short Essay The most controversial and discussed subject in the Holy Bible would be the subject of spiritual gifts. Spiritual gifts are â€Å"gifts of God enabling the Christians to perform his or her†¦services in church† (Elwell, 2001, pg.1135). Spiritual gifts are given by God to help complete His work here on earth and also glorify His name. When we are chosen to by God to receive these spiritual gifts, He expects us to useRead MoreOld Testament Summaries Essay706 Words   |  3 PagesHoly Bible, New King James Version. Nashville, TN: Thomas Nelson Bibles, 1973. 953-971. print. Fee, Gordan D., and Douglas K. Stuart. How to Read the Bible For All Its Worth. Grand Rapids, MI: Zondervan Publishing Company, 2003. 163-180. Print. â€Å"Isaiah†. The Holy Bible, New King James Version. Nashville, TN: Thomas Nelson Bibles, 1973. 752-823. Print. â€Å"Job†. The Holy Bible, New King James Version. Nashville, TN: Thomas Nelson Bibles, 1973. 567-603. Print. â€Å"Joshua†. The Holy Bible, New King JamesRead MoreWhich Bible Translation? Essay1341 Words   |  6 Pagesâ€Å"The Bible is a special revelation from God to man of truths concerning Himself, His purposes, His plans, His will, man and his sinful nature, and God’s redemptive plan for man.† This quote by Gene Nowlin in his book The Paraphrased Perversion of the Bible summarizes the composition of the Bible. Throughout life, Christians grasp tightly to these words of God in hopes to inherit the Kingdom of God one day. In order to do this, they must study the Bible closely and apply it to their lives daily.Read MoreThe Tensions Between The United States And The Middle East924 Words   |  4 Pagessimilar to what the Jewish people practiced in the Old Testament. For example, Muslims make a sacrifice on a Muslim holiday known as, Eid al-adha, which honors Abraham’s obedience when God told him to sacrifice Isaac (Genesis 22, Holy Bible: authorized King James Version, 2009). Also, just as the Jewish women were restricted from certain activities in the Old Testament when they were on their menstrual cycle, so too Muslim women are prohibited from certain activities during this time. Muslim food restrictions

The Realist Perspective of the Cuban Missile Crisis

The Cuban Missile Crisis lasted two weeks in the midst of the Cold War, and brought the world closer to nuclear war than ever before. In October of 1962 multiple nuclear missiles of the Soviet Union’ s were discovered in Cuba, a mere 90 miles south of the United States. Given the communist ties between Cuba and the USSR, this poised a considerable threat to our national security. Throughout the 14 days the two leaders, John F. Kennedy and Nikita Khrushchev struggled to clearly understand each others‘ genuine intentions. Actions taken by each state during this crisis demonstrates the realist point of view, in a variety of ways. The fundamentals of Realism will be explored and explained along with actions taken during this crisis from a†¦show more content†¦The Moscow Kremlin declared Soviet would support Cuba in February of 1962, and by July secret agreements on economic and military cooperation were signed. Almost immediately the Soviet Union sent various milita ry equipment including, heavy bombers, rocket launchers, tanks, helicopter, and nuclear submarines. (CITE) Over the summer construction of several missile sites began, once discovered President Kennedy issued a stern warning to Cuba. According to realism, a state should seek arms, increase their military strength, and make alliances with those who can protect them from potential threats (Charles and Raymond 28). On October 14th an American U-2 aircraft took pictures of nuclear missiles under construction in Cuba, and this was the beginning of the Cuban Missile Crisis. The USSR made the decision to put Soviet missiles in Cuba, to create a â€Å"balance of power†. The Soviet Union considered the US missiles placed in Turkey as a threat and needed a way to counterbalance this to secure their safety. The main motivation for this action was to create a balance of power between the two. Realism believes each state is entirely responsible for its own security and survival, and expec ts a balance of power. On October 22nd, another U-2 flight revealed missile sites being rapidly assembled immediately Kennedy ordered a naval quarantine of Cuba. That night he wrote a letter to KhrushchevShow MoreRelatedThe Cuban Missile Crisis And The Soviet Union1412 Words   |  6 PagesThe Cuban Missile Crisis became the closest the world had ever been to nuclear war, resulting from growing tension in the Cold War between the United States (NATO) and the Soviet Union (Warsaw Pact). Cuba at the time also had ongoing conflict with the United States, after the failed Bay of Pigs Invasion in attempt to overthrow corrupt government leader Fidel Castro. The Soviet Union and Cuba’s newfound similar plights led to a partnership and the strategic positioning for the Soviet Union to implementRead MoreRealist Perpective on the Cuban Missile Crisis Essay834 Words   |  4 PagesThe Realist Perspective on the Cuban Missile Crisis In October of 1962, the United States and the Soviet Union reached a near-nuclear experience when in a short fourteen days; Russia was caught building nuclear missile bases in Cuba. With the Second World War just barely in the past, the United States was still on their toes making sure they were in the clear. When they sent the U-2 spy plane to monitor Cuba they found missile bases that were armed and ready to wipe out the western hemisphereRead MoreCuban Missle Crisis and the Realist Perspective Essay1172 Words   |  5 PagesThe Cuban Missile Crisis of 1962 brought the world closer than it had ever been to nuclear war. This makes the crisis one of the most essential events in international affairs history, demonstrating a great example of the realist perspectives and other important aspects of international relations. Primarily, the origins of the Cuban Missile Crisis can be readily attributed to the realist perspective. In 1961, President John F. Kennedy launched the Bay of Pigs Invasion of Cuba, which was a thwartedRead MoreJfk And Khrushchev s Impact On The World War II1293 Words   |  6 Pagespeople would remember as the closest we ever came to a nuclear war. To many Americans this was very frightening; we have all heard what nuclear weapons can do. No one wants to feel the effects of these nuclear weapons. But you may ask, what caused the crisis and why did it not end in World War III? Who and/or what were the most important actors, structures and institutions involved? And most importantly, which characteristics of those actors, structures and institutions provide the strongest, clearestRead MoreThe Issue Of Nuclear Weapons883 Words   |  4 PagesRussia, and China – no major nuclear power has gotten into a nuclear war with another major nuclear power. Nor have they engaged in a direct conflict involving conventional weapons. They have come close, as seen in the Cuban Missile Crisis, but they have not traded nuclear missiles or bombs with each other. The only two states that have been in conflict with each other and have nuclear weapons stockpiles are India and Pakistan in the Indo-Pakistani War of 1999, which was small in scale and quicklyRead MoreThe United States And The Cold War Essay1614 Words   |  7 Pagesthe First World War. In general, a cold war is a state of perpetual conflict where there is no direct milit ary intervention, but actions are taken strategically, politically and economically (plus sabotage and other indirect denotes); From this perspective there have been historically different cold wars, but in verbalizing of this I’m referring to the conflict that I will relate in this essay. After World War II, the United States and the Soviet Union were the world’s most vigorous nations. TheyRead MoreWar Is An Inevitable Feature Of International Politics1560 Words   |  7 PagesUnited Nations. Can such security organisations including, non-governmental organizations really prevent conflicts? We have seen the inevitability of wars through the history, from which has arisen decades of theoretical debates (First ideologist-realist great debate took place between 1930’s and 1940’s, which focus was on the Nazi threat as well). Why is security crucial? Is there any alternative solution to abolish armed conflicts and struggles between states; or can we concl ude, that war is inevitableRead MoreForeign Policies Big And Small Affect Our Lives1413 Words   |  6 Pagesisn’t enough to determine what their agendas and perspectives may be. The two most influential general perspectives of foreign policy are the realist and liberal perspectives. Kaufman describes realism on pages 10-11 as a assumption that â€Å"†¦nation-states are the primary actors in world politics and that each will act in a way that allows it to pursue its key interests or ‘national interests.’† He contrasts that viewpoint with the liberal perspective that â€Å"looks at countries as a part of a collectiveRead MoreGeneral Curtis Lemay : An Effective Leader And Problem Solver1647 Words   |  7 Pagesmore bombs on target with fewer losses than other groups. After his successful bombing raids over France and Germany, he tested his methods again in other theater of war. LeMay’s toughts on the protracted and bloody war against Japan were purely realists â€Å"It was a long drawn out war. You began to get casualties from the side effects-the exhaustion, deprivation, disease and things of that sort. So getting it over with as quickly as possible is the moral responsibility of everyone concerned.† MoreoverRead MoreUnited States Grand Strategy during the Cold War with Emphasis on the Conflict in Vietnam2740 Words   |  11 PagesIntroduction - Analysis of U.S. grand strategy during the Vietnam War cannot be fully understood without placing it in the context of the Cold War and the foreign policy of â€Å"containment.† In this context, details indicate that realist, liberalist, and constructivist theories all contributed to U.S. grand strategy at the time. However, more detailed analysis reveals that, while defensive realism was guiding foreign policy during this period of the cold war, offensive realism was the predominant

Analysis Of The Garden Of Good And Evil By John Berendt

Politics in the United States has been since the beginning of political existence, intricate and convoluted just as it appears in Midnight In The Garden Of Good And Evil written by John Berendt. This extract from the novel Midnight in the Garden of Good and Evil cultivates awareness through its use of language and generic conventions in giving an insight into the stratification of feudal society of Savannah, Georgia, in the South of America during the 1980s. The two main representations of this extract is the division between black people and white people, as well as the hierarchy of status in which white people are born into and unable to escape from. The novel contains essentially all the elements that constitute the Gothic genre. Dramatic, amazing events occur. Berendt s Savannah becomes a simulation of reality, where southerness compose a sequence of interrelated consultation about the South and were comfortable notions of fact and fiction, acting and reality, class, gender, and truth no longer fit, or matter. It was evident during the American Revolution that Americans needed a foundation to become their own independent nation. Before the American Revolution ended in 1783, the founding fathers created the Article of Confederation, and the efficiency of it failed due to its flaws. In result, the Constitution was created, and it began a better foundation for government. The Founding Fathers wanted to limit power, setting up rules that enable branches to have more powerShow MoreRelatedAnalysis Of The Garden Of Good And Evil By John Berendt1288 Words   |  6 Pagesthe two books to be discussed. The first book, written by New Yor k journalist John Berendt, entitled Midnight in the Garden of Good and Evil recounts the many and varied acquaintances of its author as he embeds himself deeper into the unique culture of Savannah. In many ways the people Berendt describes seem too perfect in their madness to be real, but he presents them as real. Midnight in the Garden of Good and Evil does not follow a plot in the tradition sense it follows a pattern reminiscentRead MoreMidnight in the Garden of Good and Evil854 Words   |  4 PagesDiscrimination in Savannah In the novel Midnight in the Garden of Good and Evil by John Berendt, it discusses the city of Savannah, Georgia and the people that live there during the nineties. The author encounters several different kinds of people and events throughout the city Savannah that he was not really expecting. Savannah has several underlying issues even though people act as if things are fine. After further analysis, the main issue is even though things in Savannah may appear to be diverse;

The Development Of Writing And Instruction For Students...

The Development of Writing and Instruction for Students with Learning Disabilities Many students with a learning disability have a hard time grasping the concepts of writing. Having an intervention strategy may help these students when they are learning how to write. A number of studies have been done on trying to determine if using strategies help increase writing performance for students with a learning disability. The four following articles use a variety of interventions to try to increase students’ writing performance that include: (a) a self-regulated strategy, (b) a revision strategy, and (c) a training strategy. They did this by looking at students with learning disabilities and implementing a strategy that may help them. All four of these articles take a further look into the topics of the development of writing and instruction and analyzes the importance of writing for our students with learning disabilities. The studies in each article differ depending on the partic ipants, methods, and strategies, but each one brings important information to this topic. Synthesis Students with learning disabilities need to understand the importance of many crucial topics and skills. Some of the skills that are specifically discussed in these articles when looking at the writing process are (a) planning, (b) organizing, (c) composing, and (d) revising. As teachers, we must explicitly and directly teach these skills in order to ensure that our students know how to implement them.Show MoreRelatedEssay about The Demands of Middle School Writing1471 Words   |  6 PagesAll middle school students, grades 6-8, are required to develop well-written compositions. According to the Louisiana Depart of Education (2008), to meet the demands of the comprehensive curriculum, these students are required to write complex multi-paragraph compositions with a clearly focused main idea and developed with relevant ideas, organization patterns, and structure that communicates clearly to the reader. The grade-level expectation also states that the students are required to use a va rietyRead MoreSpelling: Linking Words to Meaning by John R. Pescosolido1682 Words   |  7 Pagesfor students with disabilities. For textbooks and other instructional materials to enhance learning by all students, instruction policies and practices should promote astute consideration of the learning characteristics of students with disabilities (Fiore Cook, 2004). The purpose of this paper is to guide the modification of the instructional workbook entitled, Spelling: Linking word to meaning, as appropriate to fit the reading and spelling needs of middle school special education students. TheRead MorePROBLEM What is the one subject area that suffers the most during testing? Writing is our country’s1300 Words   |  6 PagesPROBLEM What is the one subject area that suffers the most during testing? Writing is our country’s greatest failure. We need to teach better writing and that happens through better instruction in language arts, mathematics, science, and social studies. Writing can be explained through reading, note taking, and journaling. Students do not write enough and their writing is not from a varied amount of genres, such as expository, narrative, descriptive, persuasive, and journaling and note taking. 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Cbse Chemistry Notes for 11 and 12 Free Essays

string(34) " near to the most probable speed\." Supplementary Textual Material in Chemistry for Class XI Class XII 1 Acknowledgements CBSE ADVISORS Shri Vineet Joshi, I. A. S. We will write a custom essay sample on Cbse Chemistry Notes for 11 and 12 or any similar topic only for you Order Now , Chairman, CBSE Shri Shashi Bhushan, Director (Acad. ), CBSE CONVENOR EDITOR Prof. A. K. Bakhshi Department of Chemistry, University of Delhi. DEVELOPMENT TEAM Prof. A. K. Bakhshi Department of Chemistry, University of Delhi. Dr. Anju Srivastava Hindu College, University of Delhi. Dr. Vimal Rarh S. G. T. B. Khalsa College, University of Delhi. Dr. Geetika Bhalla Hindu College, University of Delhi. Ms. Anupama Sharma Modern School, Vasant Vihar, New Delhi. MEMBER COORDINATOR Dr. Srijata Das, Education Officer, CBSE 2 TABLE OF CONTENTS Class XI Unit 5 : States of Matter 5. 7. 1 Kinetic Energy and Molecular Speeds 5. 7. 2 Maxwell-Boltzmann distribution of molecular speeds Unit 6 : Thermodynamics 6. 6. 1. Second Law of Thermodynamics 6. 8. Third Law of Thermodynamics Unit 7 : Equilibrium 7. 12. 1 pH of Buffer Solutions Class XII Unit 16 : Chemistry in Everyday Life 16. 4. 2. 1 Antioxidants 3 Unit 5: States of Matter 5. 7. 1 KINETIC ENERGY AND MOLECULAR SPEEDS As you have studied in the previous section the molecules of a gas are always in motion and are colliding with each other and with the walls of the container. Due to these collisions the speeds and the kinetic energies of the individual molecules keep on changing. However at a given temperature, the average kinetic energy of the gas molecules remains constant. If at a given temperature, n1 molecules have speed v1, n2 molecules have speed v2, n3 molecules have speed v3, and so on. Then, the total kinetic energy (EK) of the gas at this temperature is given by where m is the mass of the molecule. The corresponding average kinetic energy ( If the following term Then the average kinetic energy is given by where c is given by 4 ) of the gas will be This ‘c’ is known as root-mean-square speed. As the name implies, to calculate c, first take the squares of the individual speeds, then their mean and finally the square root of the mean. It can be shown that c is related to temperature by The average kinetic energy depends only on absolute temperature and is related to absolute temperature by the expression where k = Boltzmann constant = 1. 38 x 10-23 J K-1 In the case of gases, one also talks of two other speeds, namely, average speed and most-probable speed. The average speed ( ) at a given temperature is the arithmetic mean of the speeds of different molecules of the gas. . e, where n1 molecules have speed v1, n2 molecules have speed v2, n3 molecules have speed v3, and so on. The relationship between average speed and temperature T is given by The most probable speed ( ) of a gas at a given temperature is the speed possessed by the maximum number of molecules at that temperature. Unlike average speed and root mean sq uare speed, the most probable speed cannot be expressed in terms of the individual molecular speeds. The most probable speed ( ) is related to absolute temperature (T) by the expression 5 Relationship between different types of molecular speeds The three types of molecular speeds, namely, most probable speed ( ), average speed ( ) and root mean square speed (c) of a gas at a given temperature are related to each other as follows: For a particular gas, at a particular temperature, It follows from the above relationships that Example: Calculate the root mean square, average and most probable speeds of oxygen molecules at 27 oC. Solution: Given data: Molar mass of oxygen, M = 32 g mol-1 = 0. 032 kg mol-1 Temperature, t = 27 oC T = (27 + 273) K = 300 K 6 Expressions to be used: Root mean square speed, Average speed, Most probable speed, Actual calculations Root mean square speed, Average speed, Most probable speed, 5. 7. 2 MAXWELL-BOLTZMANN DISTRIBUTION OF MOLECULAR SPEEDS The speeds of the individual molecules of a gas do not remain constant. They keep on changing due to inter molecular collisions and due to collisions with the walls of the container. However, at a given temperature, the distribution of molecular speeds remains constant. This distribution of molecular speeds is given by Maxwell-Boltzmann distribution law. 7 For a given gas, at a given temperature, the distribution curve of molecular speeds is shown in Figure 5. 7. 1 Figure 5. 7. 1. Maxwell Boltzmann distribution curve You can see from the distribution curve that it is the plot of molecular speed vs the fraction of molecules. The important features of this distribution curve are: (i) The fraction of molecules having too low or too high speeds is very small. (ii) There is a certain speed for which the fraction of molecules is maximum. This speed is known as most probable speed. (iii) The most probable speed of a gas, is the speed possessed by the maximum number of molecules of the gas at a given temperature and it corresponds to the peak of the curve. Since the most probable speed ( xpression ) is related to absolute temperature T by the It means that at the same temperature, lighter gases shall move faster than heavier gases as is evident from the distribution curves of chlorine and nitrogen gases in Figure 5. 7. 2. 8 Figure 5. 7. 2. Maxwell Boltzmann distribution curves for chlorine and nitrogen gases at 300K Effect of temperature In Figure 5. 7. 3. are given t he Maxwell Boltzmann distribution curves of a gas at three different temperatures T1, T2 and T3 such that T1gt;T2gt;T3. Figure 5. 7. 3. Maxwell Boltzmann distribution curves for a gas at three different temperatures 9 It can be seen from these distribution curves that as the temperature increases 1. The entire curve shifts towards right. 2. The most probable speed increases. 3. The fraction of molecules having most probable speed decreases. 4. The curve becomes broader in the middle range indicating that more molecules have speeds near to the most probable speed. You read "Cbse Chemistry Notes for 11 and 12" in category "Papers" 5. The fraction of molecules having higher speeds increases. 6. The fraction of molecules having lower speed decreases. It may be noted that the total area under each of the curves remains the same as the sum of fractions of molecules remains unaltered on changing the temperature. 0 EXERCISE 1. Calculate (i) root mean square speed (ii) average speed and (iii) most probable speed of CO2 molecules at 700 K . 2. A sample of a gas contains 15 molecules with a speed of 3 m s-1, 25 molecules with a speed of 5 m s-1 and 30 molecules with a speed of 8 m s-1. Calculate root mean sq uare speed of these molecules. 3. Calculate the temperature at which the average speed of oxygen equals that of hydrogen at 20 K. 4. Calculate the temperatures at which the root mean square speed, average speed and the most probable speed of oxygen gas are all equal to 1500 m s-1. Answers 1. i. 629. 92, m s-1 ii. 80. 50 m s-1 iii. 514. 33 m s-1 2. 6. 187 m s-1 3. 320 K 4. T for root mean square speed= 2886 K, T for the average speed = 3399 K, T for most probable speed = 4330 K 11 12 Unit 6 : Thermodynamics 6. 6. 1 SECOND LAW OF THERMODYNAMICS You have already studied in the previous sections that the first law of thermodynamics deals only with the law of conservation of energy and it gives no information about the criteria for feasibility of a given physical or chemical process. This law is always obeyed whether a given process occurs on its own or is made to occur with the help of an external agency. In any case the first law is valid in both the forward and reverse direction of the process. You have also learnt about the concept of entropy which is a measure of the randomness or the disorder in a system. This concept helps in explaining the spontaneity of the irreversible processes. For an irreversible process, the entropy of the system and surroundings taken together i. e. of the universe increases, while for a process at equilibrium it remains constant. This conclusion is of great importance as it helps us to predict whether a given process can take place spontaneously or not. Since all processes in nature occur spontaneously i. e. irreversibly, it follows that the entropy of the universe is increasing continuously. This important statement i. e. â€Å"in any spontaneous process, the entropy of the universe (system and surroundings) always increases† is also known as the second law of thermodynamics. ?SUniverse = ? Ssystem + ? Ssurroundings Specifically it means that If ? SUniverse gt; 0, the reaction is spontaneous If ? SUniverse lt; 0, the reaction is non-spontaneous If ? SUniverse = 0, the reaction is at equilibrium Since chemists are generally more interested in the system (reaction mixture) than the surroundings, it is therefore more convenient to restate the second law in terms of the thermodynamic properties of the system, without regard to the surroundings. As already described in the previous section, this is possible through the Gibbs free energy G which for a system is defined as G = H – TS. In terms of this thermodynamic property, the second law of thermodynamics can be restated as in any spontaneous process at 13 constant temperature and pressure, the free energy of the system (? Gsystem) always decreases. According to this definition If ? Gsystem lt; 0, the reaction is spontaneous If ? Gsystem gt; 0, the reaction is non-spontaneous If ?Gsystem = 0, the reaction is at equilibrium 6. 8. THIRD LAW OF THERMODYNAMICS The third law of thermodynamics is concerned with determination of entropy. It states that a substance which is perfectly crystalline at absolute zero of temperature has an entropy of zero. In a perfect crystal at absolute zero of temperature, each constituent of the crystal (atom, molecule or ion) is at the proper crystal lattice site and it therefore has the lowest energy. This means that this particular state is of perfect order, i. e, has zero disorder and hence zero entropy. Using zero value of entropy at absolute zero for a perfectly crystalline substance as the reference point (initial state), one can calculate absolute value of entropy of the substance in any state (solid, liquid or gas) at any temperature by calculating ? S for the process/es in going from the initial state to the state of the substance for which entropy is to be calculated. However there are certain substances which possess certain entropy even at absolute zero. This entropy is known as residual entropy. The origin of residual entropy can be explained on the basis of the disorder which remains at absolute zero in certain crystals composed of AB types of molecules where A and B are similar atoms (as in CO). In such substances, there is a very little energy difference between â€Å"†¦AB AB AB†¦Ã¢â‚¬  and â€Å".. †¦AB BA BA AB†¦.. † and other arrangements so that the molecules adopt the orientations AB and BA at random in the solid. This gives rise to some disorder, also known as frozen disorder, and consequently residual entropy. For example in case of CO, the measured residual entropy is 5 J K-1 mol-1 which is close to the value expected for a random structure Figure 1 (B) of the form â€Å"†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦CO CO OC CO CO OC OC†¦Ã¢â‚¬ . 14 Figure 1. Alternative molecular arrangements for CO (A) Perfect crystal (B) Actual crystal EXERCISE 1. State Second Law of Thermodynamics. 2. Write the conditions in terms of ? H and ? S when a reaction would be always spontaneous. 3. When ? H gt; 0 and ? S lt; 0, a reaction is never spontaneous. Explain. 4. Comment on the spontaneity of a reaction at constant temperature and pressure in the following cases i) ? H lt; 0 and ? S gt; 0 (ii) ? H gt; 0 and ? S lt; 0 (iii) ? H lt; 0 and ? S lt; 0 (iv) ? H gt; 0 and ? S gt; 0 5. State third law of thermodynamics. 6. Explain the term residual entropy. 15 Unit 7: Equilibrium 7. 12. 1 pH OF BUFFER SOLUTIONS : HENDERSON – HASSELBALCH EQUATION As you have already learnt in the previous section a buffer solution is a soluti on which resists change in its pH on the addition of small amount of acid or a base. Most of the important buffer solutions generally consist of mixtures of weak acids and their salts or weak bases and their salts. These buffer solutions are known as acidic buffers and basic buffers respectively. If the pH of the buffer solution is less than 7, it is called an acidic buffer and if the pH of the buffer solution is greater than 7 it is called a basic buffer. Examples of some acidic and basic buffers are as given below Acidic buffer Basic buffer 1) Acetic acid and sodium acetate 1) Ammonium hydroxide and ammonium chloride 2) Formic acid and sodium formate 2) Ammonium hydroxide and ammonium nitrate pH of an acidic buffer A very common example of an acidic buffer is a mixture of acetic acid and sodium acetate. Acetic acid, being a weak acid, is very slightly dissociated, while sodium acetate being a salt is completely dissociated. The mixture thus contains acetic acid molecules as well acetate ions and sodium ions. At equilibrium: CH3COOH(aq) H+ (aq) + CH3COO-(aq) Taking the negative logarithm on both the sides, we get 16 †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦(7. 39) In general, †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦(7. 40) It may be noted that the concentration of the acetate ions is taken to be almost equal to the concentration of the salt because the acetate ions coming from fully dissociated salt (here sodium acetate) suppress the ionization of the weak acid (acetic acid). This equation (7. 0) is called Henderson- Hasselbalch equation. According to this equation, the pH of an acidic buffer consisting of a mixture of a weak acid and its salt depends on the pKa of the acid, and the concentrations of the salt and acid in the mixture. If concentration of the sa lt is equal to that of the acid, then Buffer action of Acidic buffer The buffer action of an acidic buffer consisting of a mixture of acetic acid and sodium acetate can be explained in the following way. If we add small amount of HCl to the buffer solution it will ionise to give H+ ions. These combine with CH3COO- ions to form weakly ionized acetic acid. CH3COO-(aq) + H+(aq) ? CH3COOH(aq) + H2O(l) Since H+ ions get neutralised by CH3COO- ions, there will be no change in pH. On the other hand, if we add a few drops of NaOH to the buffer solution, it provides OH- ions which are neutralized by the acetic acid present in the mixture. 17 OH-(aq) + CH3COOH(aq) ? CH3COO-(aq) + H2O(l) Therefore the pH of the solution remains unchanged. pH of a Basic Buffer A very common example of a basic buffer is a mixture of ammonium hydroxide and ammonium chloride. Ammonium hydroxide being a weak base is very slightly dissociated, while ammonium chloride being a salt is completely dissociated. The mixture thus contains ammonium hydroxide molecules as well as ammonium ions and chloride ions. At equilibrium, NH4OH(aq) NH4+(aq) + OH-(aq) Taking the negative logarithm on both the sides, we get †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦(7. 41) In general, †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦(7. 42) 18 It may be noted that the concentration of the ammonium ions is taken to be almost equal to the concentration of the salt because ammonium ions coming from the fully dissociated salt (here ammonium chloride) suppress the ionization of the weak base ammonium hydroxide. This equation (7. 42) is called Henderson- Hasselblach equation. Further, pH can be calculated easily from pOH using Hence, It may be noted that pKa + pKb = 14 Buffer action of basic buffer The buffer action of a basic buffer consisting of a mixture of ammonium hydroxide and ammonium chloride can be explained in the following way. If a few drops of HCl are added to the buffer solution, it will ionise to give H+ ion which will combine with OH- ions to form H2O. H+(aq) + OH- (aq) ? H2O(l) Therefore, the addition of HCl will not change the pH. On the other hand, when a few drops of NaOH solution are added to the buffer solution, it would give OH- ions. These OH- ions combine with NH4+ ions present in the solution to form NH4OH, which is only slightly ionised. OH-(aq) + NH4+ (aq) ? NH4OH(aq) Hence, the addition of a base also will not change the pH. 19 EXERCISE 1. A certain buffer is made by mixing sodium formate and formic acid in water. With the help of equations explain how this buffer neutralizes addition of a small amount of an acid or a base. 2. A basic buffer is made by mixing ammonium hydroxide and ammonium nitrate in water. Explain how this buffer resists change in its pH on addition of a small amount of an acid or a base. 3. What would be the pH of a solution obtained by mixing 10 g of acetic acid and 15 g of sodium acetate and making the volume equal to 1 L. Dissociation constant of acetic acid at 25oC is 1. 75 x 10-5. 4. A buffer solution contains 0. 40 mol of ammonium hydroxide and 0. 50 mol of ammonium chloride to make a buffer solution of 1 L. Calculate the pH of the resulting buffer solution. Dissociation constant of ammonium hydroxide at 25oC is 1. 81 x 10-5. Answers 3. pH = 4. 80 4. 9. 161 20 Class XII Unit 16: Chemistry in Everyday Life 16. 4. 2. 1. ANTIOXIDANTS Antioxidants are one of the important and necessary food additives. These compounds retard the action of oxygen on food thus reducing its speed of decomposition by oxidation. Hence they help in the preservation of food. These act as sacrificial materials, i. e. these are more reactive towards oxygen than are the materials they are protecting. They also reduce the rate of involvement of free radicals in the aging process. Examples: The two most familiar antioxidants used are butylated hydroxy toluene (BHT) and butylated hydroxy anisole (BHA) (Figure 1). These phenolic compounds are added to preserve fats in packaged food. Oxygen reacts preferentially with BHA or BHT rather than oxidizing fats or oils, thereby protecting them from spoilage. The addition of BHA to butter increases its storage life from months to years. Sometimes, BHT and BHA are added in combination with citric or ascorbic acids to produce a more active synergetic effect. Figure 1: Butylated hydroxy toluene (BHT) and butylated hydroxy anisole (BHA) Sulphur dioxide and sulphites ( such as sodium sulphite, sodium bisulphite and sodium metabisulphite) are useful antioxidants for wine and beers, sugars syrups and cut, peeled or dried fruits and vegetables. They prevent or reduce their discoloration. 21 EXERCISE 1. Name one antioxidant commonly used to increase the storage life of butter. 2. Name one antioxidant used in wine and beers. 22a How to cite Cbse Chemistry Notes for 11 and 12, Papers

The Girl in the Studio free essay sample

The rush of nerves overwhelms my body when I follow my team to the curtain. I hear the crowd roaring waiting for our appearance. This rush of excitement and fear almost devoured me until they announced our team. Pushing back the curtain, we run out onto the mat and wave to the crowd with fake smiles holding back our nervous mindset. I move to my spot and clench my fists while whispering â€Å"Let’s do this† just loud enough for my team to hear it. Once the music begins I lose all sense of fear and tenseness. It almost feels like I’m watching myself perform with my team from the crowd. I lose myself in the music and perform as if I wasn’t nervous at all. The 3 minutes we performed only felt like 5 seconds. Immediately when we are done performing I hear the crowd scream in joy and I hear cheering from our other teams. We will write a custom essay sample on The Girl in the Studio or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page We all run off the mat, hug each other and remind ourselves that this is why we dance. Dancing is defined as â€Å"to move ones feet or body, or both, rhythmically in a pattern of steps, especially to the accompaniment of music† but, dancing is so much more than that. Dance for me is a release, a place for me to be myself and release any feelings I have in a positive way. When I went to my other school I was bullied a lot because I was from the city and I was â€Å"different†. They tended to pick on my clothes and how I talked. I felt like I couldn’t escape my life and no matter how much I talked about it to an adult the torture never stopped. At one point even teachers went along with the bullying. Every day I cried and begged my mom to let me stay home from school and my grades plummeted tremendously. I felt like I was at the weakest, lowest point of my life. Before I exploded from everything Ive been bottling up, I joined dance. I think dance saved my life. I used my feelings to become a great competitive dancer. I spend many hours in the dance studio just practicing and even letting off some steam. I dance with my soul, you can see who I am by watching me dance. Its easy to show dramatically immense emotion in dance especially in Hip Hop (which is the type of dance I do). I think putting everything you can into a dance can make it magical. It can almost make it look like a movie and the dancer is the actor. You dont need any words to figure out whats going on, the voice is in the dance. I think my dancing has improved dramatically since I moved to a new school. Im happier and have many learned lessons under my belt. My mom told me that you can actually see that Im happier even in my routines. I learned to be myself and maybe there isnt such a thing as being normal. I enjoy my quirky weirdness and continue to embrace it. Now that I have a higher self esteem, I continue to thrive in dance because Im no longer afraid of judgment. Dancing has shaped my life and Ill continue to be that girl in the studio.