The King James Version Bible - 1483 Words

Amy J. Helgeson Beth Baxley Advanced English 9, Period 5 20 April 2015 To Preach or Not to Preach The King James version bible states in ‘Genesis 1:26-27’ that â€Å"Gods image is shared equally by women and men†. ‘Exodus 36:1’ says, â€Å"use your skills to honor God†. Despite what the bible seems to be saying, women do not have the same opportunities as men in Christian religious settings. Imagine a woman in the Christian faith who has the qualifications to preach the word of God and the eagerness to serve the Lord. Logically, she should be awarded the job position. However, she is not even considered for that opportunity. In multiple recurring instances, the church congregation has discriminated against women, not allowing them to have the same opportunities as the men in the community. These women are not only discriminated against, but are scoffed at, even penalized for wanting these positions. Women should not be penalized for having faith in the Lord and wanting to share it with others. The bible states how both women and men are equ al and are to use the skills they have to honor God. The congregation should not limit these human resources to only men, when highly qualified and respected women are willing and able to serve. Gender discrimination is a problem in Christian Churches because women who are qualified are unable to access jobs, are experiencing emotional stress, and are being penalized for wanting changes within the church. Historically, the bible has multipleShow MoreRelatedThe King James Version Of The Bible1517 Words   |  7 Pagesonly one example of the many in the King James Version of The Bible, that tells one who Joseph really was. Joseph was only 17 years old when he was introduced in the Bible. Joseph, was his father’s favorite out of all his brothers, he knew it-and so did they. He received a coat of many colors, which back in this time period everyone had coats; however, the coat given to Joseph was ankle length and in beautiful colors (meaning royalty). The coat, according to the Bible, was given to Joseph by his fatherRead MoreThe Merchant Of Venice And The King James Version Of The Bible1348 Words   |  6 Pagescombination of prudence and ambition. Shakespeare’s Merchant of Venice, Mary Shelly’s Frankenstein, and the King James Version of the Bible supply examples where characters’ success is based on their ambition and their prudence. Ambition must be tempe red with prudence in order to achieve any sort of good result; sole ambition leads one to failure and/or destruction. In the Merchant of Venice and the Bible Bassanio, Eve, and Jacob are able to mix their ambition with prudence and as a result are successfulRead MoreThe Old Testament, By King James Version Of The Bible2071 Words   |  9 Pagesportrayed in the Old Testament are that land is an inheritance, land is to be shared with all of humanity, and land can be both a gift and a curse depending on the ability of the people to follow God’s commandments. Often times in the King James Version of the bible we hear of the people of Israel â€Å"conquering† or â€Å"possessing† the land. This can lead the reader astray in that it portrays the stories of the Old Testament as a series of wars ordained by God in order for the people to inhabit the landRead MoreThe Magna Carte, The Declaration Of Independence, And But The Communist Manifesto1534 Words   |  7 Pagesshape humanity. The Bible has had perhaps more impact on humanity than any other Document ever written. Many people read the Bible, but know little of the history of the Bible itself. The history of the Bible is a fascinating story of the creation of the Bible versions seen today. Many people are familiar with at least some of the contents of the Bible, but the average person knows little of the people, processes, and events involved in its creation and translations. The Bible is a collection ofRead MoreChanges Due to English Evolution Affect Integrity of the Bible1705 Words   |  7 Pagescontrol of the Holy Bible without many recorded challenges for more than one thousand years, according to several historical documents. Church authorities told church members they could neither read nor interpret the text themselves. The principles clergy taught in church were what churchgoers often believed. Eventually, a high-ranking German monk named Martin Luther challenged church officials in the 16th century and began reading and interpreting the Scriptures. As he studied the Bible, he found manyRead MoreWilliam Coverdale ( 1488-1569 ), The Great Bible911 Words   |  4 Pages William Coverdale (1488-1569), The Great Bible The atmosphere changed in England as Rome and Henry the VIII came into conflict. Henry the VII wanted to divorce his Catholic wife, Katherine of Aragon, the Catholic Church refused. When the Pope refused, Henry VII renounced the Catholic Church and appointed himself head of the Church of England. To spite the Catholic Church and unify his kingdom, he ordered the Bible printed and translated into English, and placed in all the churchesRead MoreShort Essay1304 Words   |  6 PagesTHEO 201-C05 Priscilla Ohene Liberty University October 23th, 2014 Short Essay The most controversial and discussed subject in the Holy Bible would be the subject of spiritual gifts. Spiritual gifts are â€Å"gifts of God enabling the Christians to perform his or her†¦services in church† (Elwell, 2001, pg.1135). Spiritual gifts are given by God to help complete His work here on earth and also glorify His name. When we are chosen to by God to receive these spiritual gifts, He expects us to useRead MoreOld Testament Summaries Essay706 Words   |  3 PagesHoly Bible, New King James Version. Nashville, TN: Thomas Nelson Bibles, 1973. 953-971. print. Fee, Gordan D., and Douglas K. Stuart. How to Read the Bible For All Its Worth. Grand Rapids, MI: Zondervan Publishing Company, 2003. 163-180. Print. â€Å"Isaiah†. The Holy Bible, New King James Version. Nashville, TN: Thomas Nelson Bibles, 1973. 752-823. Print. â€Å"Job†. The Holy Bible, New King James Version. Nashville, TN: Thomas Nelson Bibles, 1973. 567-603. Print. â€Å"Joshua†. The Holy Bible, New King JamesRead MoreWhich Bible Translation? Essay1341 Words   |  6 Pagesâ€Å"The Bible is a special revelation from God to man of truths concerning Himself, His purposes, His plans, His will, man and his sinful nature, and God’s redemptive plan for man.† This quote by Gene Nowlin in his book The Paraphrased Perversion of the Bible summarizes the composition of the Bible. Throughout life, Christians grasp tightly to these words of God in hopes to inherit the Kingdom of God one day. In order to do this, they must study the Bible closely and apply it to their lives daily.Read MoreThe Tensions Between The United States And The Middle East924 Words   |  4 Pagessimilar to what the Jewish people practiced in the Old Testament. For example, Muslims make a sacrifice on a Muslim holiday known as, Eid al-adha, which honors Abraham’s obedience when God told him to sacrifice Isaac (Genesis 22, Holy Bible: authorized King James Version, 2009). Also, just as the Jewish women were restricted from certain activities in the Old Testament when they were on their menstrual cycle, so too Muslim women are prohibited from certain activities during this time. Muslim food restrictions

The Realist Perspective of the Cuban Missile Crisis

The Cuban Missile Crisis lasted two weeks in the midst of the Cold War, and brought the world closer to nuclear war than ever before. In October of 1962 multiple nuclear missiles of the Soviet Union’ s were discovered in Cuba, a mere 90 miles south of the United States. Given the communist ties between Cuba and the USSR, this poised a considerable threat to our national security. Throughout the 14 days the two leaders, John F. Kennedy and Nikita Khrushchev struggled to clearly understand each others‘ genuine intentions. Actions taken by each state during this crisis demonstrates the realist point of view, in a variety of ways. The fundamentals of Realism will be explored and explained along with actions taken during this crisis from a†¦show more content†¦The Moscow Kremlin declared Soviet would support Cuba in February of 1962, and by July secret agreements on economic and military cooperation were signed. Almost immediately the Soviet Union sent various milita ry equipment including, heavy bombers, rocket launchers, tanks, helicopter, and nuclear submarines. (CITE) Over the summer construction of several missile sites began, once discovered President Kennedy issued a stern warning to Cuba. According to realism, a state should seek arms, increase their military strength, and make alliances with those who can protect them from potential threats (Charles and Raymond 28). On October 14th an American U-2 aircraft took pictures of nuclear missiles under construction in Cuba, and this was the beginning of the Cuban Missile Crisis. The USSR made the decision to put Soviet missiles in Cuba, to create a â€Å"balance of power†. The Soviet Union considered the US missiles placed in Turkey as a threat and needed a way to counterbalance this to secure their safety. The main motivation for this action was to create a balance of power between the two. Realism believes each state is entirely responsible for its own security and survival, and expec ts a balance of power. On October 22nd, another U-2 flight revealed missile sites being rapidly assembled immediately Kennedy ordered a naval quarantine of Cuba. That night he wrote a letter to KhrushchevShow MoreRelatedThe Cuban Missile Crisis And The Soviet Union1412 Words   |  6 PagesThe Cuban Missile Crisis became the closest the world had ever been to nuclear war, resulting from growing tension in the Cold War between the United States (NATO) and the Soviet Union (Warsaw Pact). Cuba at the time also had ongoing conflict with the United States, after the failed Bay of Pigs Invasion in attempt to overthrow corrupt government leader Fidel Castro. The Soviet Union and Cuba’s newfound similar plights led to a partnership and the strategic positioning for the Soviet Union to implementRead MoreRealist Perpective on the Cuban Missile Crisis Essay834 Words   |  4 PagesThe Realist Perspective on the Cuban Missile Crisis In October of 1962, the United States and the Soviet Union reached a near-nuclear experience when in a short fourteen days; Russia was caught building nuclear missile bases in Cuba. With the Second World War just barely in the past, the United States was still on their toes making sure they were in the clear. When they sent the U-2 spy plane to monitor Cuba they found missile bases that were armed and ready to wipe out the western hemisphereRead MoreCuban Missle Crisis and the Realist Perspective Essay1172 Words   |  5 PagesThe Cuban Missile Crisis of 1962 brought the world closer than it had ever been to nuclear war. This makes the crisis one of the most essential events in international affairs history, demonstrating a great example of the realist perspectives and other important aspects of international relations. Primarily, the origins of the Cuban Missile Crisis can be readily attributed to the realist perspective. In 1961, President John F. Kennedy launched the Bay of Pigs Invasion of Cuba, which was a thwartedRead MoreJfk And Khrushchev s Impact On The World War II1293 Words   |  6 Pagespeople would remember as the closest we ever came to a nuclear war. To many Americans this was very frightening; we have all heard what nuclear weapons can do. No one wants to feel the effects of these nuclear weapons. But you may ask, what caused the crisis and why did it not end in World War III? Who and/or what were the most important actors, structures and institutions involved? And most importantly, which characteristics of those actors, structures and institutions provide the strongest, clearestRead MoreThe Issue Of Nuclear Weapons883 Words   |  4 PagesRussia, and China – no major nuclear power has gotten into a nuclear war with another major nuclear power. Nor have they engaged in a direct conflict involving conventional weapons. They have come close, as seen in the Cuban Missile Crisis, but they have not traded nuclear missiles or bombs with each other. The only two states that have been in conflict with each other and have nuclear weapons stockpiles are India and Pakistan in the Indo-Pakistani War of 1999, which was small in scale and quicklyRead MoreThe United States And The Cold War Essay1614 Words   |  7 Pagesthe First World War. In general, a cold war is a state of perpetual conflict where there is no direct milit ary intervention, but actions are taken strategically, politically and economically (plus sabotage and other indirect denotes); From this perspective there have been historically different cold wars, but in verbalizing of this I’m referring to the conflict that I will relate in this essay. After World War II, the United States and the Soviet Union were the world’s most vigorous nations. TheyRead MoreWar Is An Inevitable Feature Of International Politics1560 Words   |  7 PagesUnited Nations. Can such security organisations including, non-governmental organizations really prevent conflicts? We have seen the inevitability of wars through the history, from which has arisen decades of theoretical debates (First ideologist-realist great debate took place between 1930’s and 1940’s, which focus was on the Nazi threat as well). Why is security crucial? Is there any alternative solution to abolish armed conflicts and struggles between states; or can we concl ude, that war is inevitableRead MoreForeign Policies Big And Small Affect Our Lives1413 Words   |  6 Pagesisn’t enough to determine what their agendas and perspectives may be. The two most influential general perspectives of foreign policy are the realist and liberal perspectives. Kaufman describes realism on pages 10-11 as a assumption that â€Å"†¦nation-states are the primary actors in world politics and that each will act in a way that allows it to pursue its key interests or ‘national interests.’† He contrasts that viewpoint with the liberal perspective that â€Å"looks at countries as a part of a collectiveRead MoreGeneral Curtis Lemay : An Effective Leader And Problem Solver1647 Words   |  7 Pagesmore bombs on target with fewer losses than other groups. After his successful bombing raids over France and Germany, he tested his methods again in other theater of war. LeMay’s toughts on the protracted and bloody war against Japan were purely realists â€Å"It was a long drawn out war. You began to get casualties from the side effects-the exhaustion, deprivation, disease and things of that sort. So getting it over with as quickly as possible is the moral responsibility of everyone concerned.† MoreoverRead MoreUnited States Grand Strategy during the Cold War with Emphasis on the Conflict in Vietnam2740 Words   |  11 PagesIntroduction - Analysis of U.S. grand strategy during the Vietnam War cannot be fully understood without placing it in the context of the Cold War and the foreign policy of â€Å"containment.† In this context, details indicate that realist, liberalist, and constructivist theories all contributed to U.S. grand strategy at the time. However, more detailed analysis reveals that, while defensive realism was guiding foreign policy during this period of the cold war, offensive realism was the predominant

Analysis Of The Garden Of Good And Evil By John Berendt

Politics in the United States has been since the beginning of political existence, intricate and convoluted just as it appears in Midnight In The Garden Of Good And Evil written by John Berendt. This extract from the novel Midnight in the Garden of Good and Evil cultivates awareness through its use of language and generic conventions in giving an insight into the stratification of feudal society of Savannah, Georgia, in the South of America during the 1980s. The two main representations of this extract is the division between black people and white people, as well as the hierarchy of status in which white people are born into and unable to escape from. The novel contains essentially all the elements that constitute the Gothic genre. Dramatic, amazing events occur. Berendt s Savannah becomes a simulation of reality, where southerness compose a sequence of interrelated consultation about the South and were comfortable notions of fact and fiction, acting and reality, class, gender, and truth no longer fit, or matter. It was evident during the American Revolution that Americans needed a foundation to become their own independent nation. Before the American Revolution ended in 1783, the founding fathers created the Article of Confederation, and the efficiency of it failed due to its flaws. In result, the Constitution was created, and it began a better foundation for government. The Founding Fathers wanted to limit power, setting up rules that enable branches to have more powerShow MoreRelatedAnalysis Of The Garden Of Good And Evil By John Berendt1288 Words   |  6 Pagesthe two books to be discussed. The first book, written by New Yor k journalist John Berendt, entitled Midnight in the Garden of Good and Evil recounts the many and varied acquaintances of its author as he embeds himself deeper into the unique culture of Savannah. In many ways the people Berendt describes seem too perfect in their madness to be real, but he presents them as real. Midnight in the Garden of Good and Evil does not follow a plot in the tradition sense it follows a pattern reminiscentRead MoreMidnight in the Garden of Good and Evil854 Words   |  4 PagesDiscrimination in Savannah In the novel Midnight in the Garden of Good and Evil by John Berendt, it discusses the city of Savannah, Georgia and the people that live there during the nineties. The author encounters several different kinds of people and events throughout the city Savannah that he was not really expecting. Savannah has several underlying issues even though people act as if things are fine. After further analysis, the main issue is even though things in Savannah may appear to be diverse;

The Development Of Writing And Instruction For Students...

The Development of Writing and Instruction for Students with Learning Disabilities Many students with a learning disability have a hard time grasping the concepts of writing. Having an intervention strategy may help these students when they are learning how to write. A number of studies have been done on trying to determine if using strategies help increase writing performance for students with a learning disability. The four following articles use a variety of interventions to try to increase students’ writing performance that include: (a) a self-regulated strategy, (b) a revision strategy, and (c) a training strategy. They did this by looking at students with learning disabilities and implementing a strategy that may help them. All four of these articles take a further look into the topics of the development of writing and instruction and analyzes the importance of writing for our students with learning disabilities. The studies in each article differ depending on the partic ipants, methods, and strategies, but each one brings important information to this topic. Synthesis Students with learning disabilities need to understand the importance of many crucial topics and skills. Some of the skills that are specifically discussed in these articles when looking at the writing process are (a) planning, (b) organizing, (c) composing, and (d) revising. As teachers, we must explicitly and directly teach these skills in order to ensure that our students know how to implement them.Show MoreRelatedEssay about The Demands of Middle School Writing1471 Words   |  6 PagesAll middle school students, grades 6-8, are required to develop well-written compositions. According to the Louisiana Depart of Education (2008), to meet the demands of the comprehensive curriculum, these students are required to write complex multi-paragraph compositions with a clearly focused main idea and developed with relevant ideas, organization patterns, and structure that communicates clearly to the reader. The grade-level expectation also states that the students are required to use a va rietyRead MoreSpelling: Linking Words to Meaning by John R. Pescosolido1682 Words   |  7 Pagesfor students with disabilities. For textbooks and other instructional materials to enhance learning by all students, instruction policies and practices should promote astute consideration of the learning characteristics of students with disabilities (Fiore Cook, 2004). The purpose of this paper is to guide the modification of the instructional workbook entitled, Spelling: Linking word to meaning, as appropriate to fit the reading and spelling needs of middle school special education students. TheRead MorePROBLEM What is the one subject area that suffers the most during testing? Writing is our country’s1300 Words   |  6 PagesPROBLEM What is the one subject area that suffers the most during testing? Writing is our country’s greatest failure. We need to teach better writing and that happens through better instruction in language arts, mathematics, science, and social studies. Writing can be explained through reading, note taking, and journaling. Students do not write enough and their writing is not from a varied amount of genres, such as expository, narrative, descriptive, persuasive, and journaling and note taking. MyRead MoreSkills Are An Imperative Part Of Communication Skills For Students1496 Words   |  6 Pagesfactors in the academic process† (Crouch Jakubecy, 2007, p.3). Writing skills are an imperative part of communication skills for students throughout their entire lives. Even though computers seem to be the choice for writing, research shows there is a need for handwriting skills. Handwriting skills are connected directly to successful writing. Students spend over half their day on writing activities. If a student has difficulties writing legibly, copying work and keeping up with written assignmentsRead MoreSpecial Needs Students Are Struggling With The Common Core Writing Standards1631 Words   |  7 PagesSpecial Needs Students are Struggling with the Common Core Writing Standards â€Å"The Kentucky Department of Education argues that the Common Core standards ensure students have the ‘opportunity to learn the skills that are deemed most important and relevant to the world today,’† (Burks, et al., 2015). Every child deserves to have a quality education, no matter their circumstances. Whether it is their mental health, where they live, or economic background, every student should have the opportunityRead MoreUse of Technology in School949 Words   |  4 Pagesschool has a philosophy of developing customized learning plans for each of the sixth to twelfth grade students with a focus on their strength areas, while identifying the areas for development and also guiding them on an excellent path in a private and yet supporting atmosphere. 2.A description of the range of children included in the class, including those with and without particular types of exceptionality and/or special needs Most of the students are perfectly able bodies and of sound mentalRead MoreWhy Do We Use Portfolios As An Assessment?1693 Words   |  7 Pages Why do we use portfolios as an assessment ? Student assessment portfolios promote positive student involvement. As students create their portfolios, they are actively involved in and reflecting on their own learning. This means that the teacher can individualize instruction for the student. Portfolios are a form of alternative/authentic assessment in which a student s progress is measured over a period of time in various language learning contexts. Portfolios can include evidence of specificRead More Learning Disabilities Essay1293 Words   |  6 PagesLearning Disabilities Approximately 10 percent of the adult population have learning disabilities. Learning disabilities also affect about 5 to 10 percent of school-age children. Most disabilities occur in math, spelling, reading comprehension, oral expression, and written language. The most common learning disabilities are in reading. Children with learning disabilities also have problems with attention, memory, and behavioral problems as a result of frustration. The term learning disabilitiesRead MoreUnderstanding Special Education Essay example1239 Words   |  5 PagesSpecial education involves the education of students with special needs in a way that addresses a students’ individual disabilities and requirements. These programs are designed so that special learners may learn skills which will assist them in coming closer in learning to children without disabilities. The field of special education has moved from a perspective of protection and caretaking to an emphasis on learning and growth. The question is not whether students can learn but how much they can learnRead MorePerformance Goals for a Child with Learning Disabilities Essays586 Words   |  3 Pagesprocessing. Unfortunately, local committee and special education has classified him as Learning Disabled. Learning Disability encompasses numerous types of learning problems. Following are 3 main Learning Disabilities he carries. ol li value=1 Reading li value=2 Writing li value=3 Precision or awareness li value=1 Reading: /ol Most ordinary characteristics of student with Learning Disability is Reading. Carlos has reading obscurity, most of the time he lose his place when

Cbse Chemistry Notes for 11 and 12 Free Essays

string(34) " near to the most probable speed\." Supplementary Textual Material in Chemistry for Class XI Class XII 1 Acknowledgements CBSE ADVISORS Shri Vineet Joshi, I. A. S. We will write a custom essay sample on Cbse Chemistry Notes for 11 and 12 or any similar topic only for you Order Now , Chairman, CBSE Shri Shashi Bhushan, Director (Acad. ), CBSE CONVENOR EDITOR Prof. A. K. Bakhshi Department of Chemistry, University of Delhi. DEVELOPMENT TEAM Prof. A. K. Bakhshi Department of Chemistry, University of Delhi. Dr. Anju Srivastava Hindu College, University of Delhi. Dr. Vimal Rarh S. G. T. B. Khalsa College, University of Delhi. Dr. Geetika Bhalla Hindu College, University of Delhi. Ms. Anupama Sharma Modern School, Vasant Vihar, New Delhi. MEMBER COORDINATOR Dr. Srijata Das, Education Officer, CBSE 2 TABLE OF CONTENTS Class XI Unit 5 : States of Matter 5. 7. 1 Kinetic Energy and Molecular Speeds 5. 7. 2 Maxwell-Boltzmann distribution of molecular speeds Unit 6 : Thermodynamics 6. 6. 1. Second Law of Thermodynamics 6. 8. Third Law of Thermodynamics Unit 7 : Equilibrium 7. 12. 1 pH of Buffer Solutions Class XII Unit 16 : Chemistry in Everyday Life 16. 4. 2. 1 Antioxidants 3 Unit 5: States of Matter 5. 7. 1 KINETIC ENERGY AND MOLECULAR SPEEDS As you have studied in the previous section the molecules of a gas are always in motion and are colliding with each other and with the walls of the container. Due to these collisions the speeds and the kinetic energies of the individual molecules keep on changing. However at a given temperature, the average kinetic energy of the gas molecules remains constant. If at a given temperature, n1 molecules have speed v1, n2 molecules have speed v2, n3 molecules have speed v3, and so on. Then, the total kinetic energy (EK) of the gas at this temperature is given by where m is the mass of the molecule. The corresponding average kinetic energy ( If the following term Then the average kinetic energy is given by where c is given by 4 ) of the gas will be This ‘c’ is known as root-mean-square speed. As the name implies, to calculate c, first take the squares of the individual speeds, then their mean and finally the square root of the mean. It can be shown that c is related to temperature by The average kinetic energy depends only on absolute temperature and is related to absolute temperature by the expression where k = Boltzmann constant = 1. 38 x 10-23 J K-1 In the case of gases, one also talks of two other speeds, namely, average speed and most-probable speed. The average speed ( ) at a given temperature is the arithmetic mean of the speeds of different molecules of the gas. . e, where n1 molecules have speed v1, n2 molecules have speed v2, n3 molecules have speed v3, and so on. The relationship between average speed and temperature T is given by The most probable speed ( ) of a gas at a given temperature is the speed possessed by the maximum number of molecules at that temperature. Unlike average speed and root mean sq uare speed, the most probable speed cannot be expressed in terms of the individual molecular speeds. The most probable speed ( ) is related to absolute temperature (T) by the expression 5 Relationship between different types of molecular speeds The three types of molecular speeds, namely, most probable speed ( ), average speed ( ) and root mean square speed (c) of a gas at a given temperature are related to each other as follows: For a particular gas, at a particular temperature, It follows from the above relationships that Example: Calculate the root mean square, average and most probable speeds of oxygen molecules at 27 oC. Solution: Given data: Molar mass of oxygen, M = 32 g mol-1 = 0. 032 kg mol-1 Temperature, t = 27 oC T = (27 + 273) K = 300 K 6 Expressions to be used: Root mean square speed, Average speed, Most probable speed, Actual calculations Root mean square speed, Average speed, Most probable speed, 5. 7. 2 MAXWELL-BOLTZMANN DISTRIBUTION OF MOLECULAR SPEEDS The speeds of the individual molecules of a gas do not remain constant. They keep on changing due to inter molecular collisions and due to collisions with the walls of the container. However, at a given temperature, the distribution of molecular speeds remains constant. This distribution of molecular speeds is given by Maxwell-Boltzmann distribution law. 7 For a given gas, at a given temperature, the distribution curve of molecular speeds is shown in Figure 5. 7. 1 Figure 5. 7. 1. Maxwell Boltzmann distribution curve You can see from the distribution curve that it is the plot of molecular speed vs the fraction of molecules. The important features of this distribution curve are: (i) The fraction of molecules having too low or too high speeds is very small. (ii) There is a certain speed for which the fraction of molecules is maximum. This speed is known as most probable speed. (iii) The most probable speed of a gas, is the speed possessed by the maximum number of molecules of the gas at a given temperature and it corresponds to the peak of the curve. Since the most probable speed ( xpression ) is related to absolute temperature T by the It means that at the same temperature, lighter gases shall move faster than heavier gases as is evident from the distribution curves of chlorine and nitrogen gases in Figure 5. 7. 2. 8 Figure 5. 7. 2. Maxwell Boltzmann distribution curves for chlorine and nitrogen gases at 300K Effect of temperature In Figure 5. 7. 3. are given t he Maxwell Boltzmann distribution curves of a gas at three different temperatures T1, T2 and T3 such that T1gt;T2gt;T3. Figure 5. 7. 3. Maxwell Boltzmann distribution curves for a gas at three different temperatures 9 It can be seen from these distribution curves that as the temperature increases 1. The entire curve shifts towards right. 2. The most probable speed increases. 3. The fraction of molecules having most probable speed decreases. 4. The curve becomes broader in the middle range indicating that more molecules have speeds near to the most probable speed. You read "Cbse Chemistry Notes for 11 and 12" in category "Papers" 5. The fraction of molecules having higher speeds increases. 6. The fraction of molecules having lower speed decreases. It may be noted that the total area under each of the curves remains the same as the sum of fractions of molecules remains unaltered on changing the temperature. 0 EXERCISE 1. Calculate (i) root mean square speed (ii) average speed and (iii) most probable speed of CO2 molecules at 700 K . 2. A sample of a gas contains 15 molecules with a speed of 3 m s-1, 25 molecules with a speed of 5 m s-1 and 30 molecules with a speed of 8 m s-1. Calculate root mean sq uare speed of these molecules. 3. Calculate the temperature at which the average speed of oxygen equals that of hydrogen at 20 K. 4. Calculate the temperatures at which the root mean square speed, average speed and the most probable speed of oxygen gas are all equal to 1500 m s-1. Answers 1. i. 629. 92, m s-1 ii. 80. 50 m s-1 iii. 514. 33 m s-1 2. 6. 187 m s-1 3. 320 K 4. T for root mean square speed= 2886 K, T for the average speed = 3399 K, T for most probable speed = 4330 K 11 12 Unit 6 : Thermodynamics 6. 6. 1 SECOND LAW OF THERMODYNAMICS You have already studied in the previous sections that the first law of thermodynamics deals only with the law of conservation of energy and it gives no information about the criteria for feasibility of a given physical or chemical process. This law is always obeyed whether a given process occurs on its own or is made to occur with the help of an external agency. In any case the first law is valid in both the forward and reverse direction of the process. You have also learnt about the concept of entropy which is a measure of the randomness or the disorder in a system. This concept helps in explaining the spontaneity of the irreversible processes. For an irreversible process, the entropy of the system and surroundings taken together i. e. of the universe increases, while for a process at equilibrium it remains constant. This conclusion is of great importance as it helps us to predict whether a given process can take place spontaneously or not. Since all processes in nature occur spontaneously i. e. irreversibly, it follows that the entropy of the universe is increasing continuously. This important statement i. e. â€Å"in any spontaneous process, the entropy of the universe (system and surroundings) always increases† is also known as the second law of thermodynamics. ?SUniverse = ? Ssystem + ? Ssurroundings Specifically it means that If ? SUniverse gt; 0, the reaction is spontaneous If ? SUniverse lt; 0, the reaction is non-spontaneous If ? SUniverse = 0, the reaction is at equilibrium Since chemists are generally more interested in the system (reaction mixture) than the surroundings, it is therefore more convenient to restate the second law in terms of the thermodynamic properties of the system, without regard to the surroundings. As already described in the previous section, this is possible through the Gibbs free energy G which for a system is defined as G = H – TS. In terms of this thermodynamic property, the second law of thermodynamics can be restated as in any spontaneous process at 13 constant temperature and pressure, the free energy of the system (? Gsystem) always decreases. According to this definition If ? Gsystem lt; 0, the reaction is spontaneous If ? Gsystem gt; 0, the reaction is non-spontaneous If ?Gsystem = 0, the reaction is at equilibrium 6. 8. THIRD LAW OF THERMODYNAMICS The third law of thermodynamics is concerned with determination of entropy. It states that a substance which is perfectly crystalline at absolute zero of temperature has an entropy of zero. In a perfect crystal at absolute zero of temperature, each constituent of the crystal (atom, molecule or ion) is at the proper crystal lattice site and it therefore has the lowest energy. This means that this particular state is of perfect order, i. e, has zero disorder and hence zero entropy. Using zero value of entropy at absolute zero for a perfectly crystalline substance as the reference point (initial state), one can calculate absolute value of entropy of the substance in any state (solid, liquid or gas) at any temperature by calculating ? S for the process/es in going from the initial state to the state of the substance for which entropy is to be calculated. However there are certain substances which possess certain entropy even at absolute zero. This entropy is known as residual entropy. The origin of residual entropy can be explained on the basis of the disorder which remains at absolute zero in certain crystals composed of AB types of molecules where A and B are similar atoms (as in CO). In such substances, there is a very little energy difference between â€Å"†¦AB AB AB†¦Ã¢â‚¬  and â€Å".. †¦AB BA BA AB†¦.. † and other arrangements so that the molecules adopt the orientations AB and BA at random in the solid. This gives rise to some disorder, also known as frozen disorder, and consequently residual entropy. For example in case of CO, the measured residual entropy is 5 J K-1 mol-1 which is close to the value expected for a random structure Figure 1 (B) of the form â€Å"†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦CO CO OC CO CO OC OC†¦Ã¢â‚¬ . 14 Figure 1. Alternative molecular arrangements for CO (A) Perfect crystal (B) Actual crystal EXERCISE 1. State Second Law of Thermodynamics. 2. Write the conditions in terms of ? H and ? S when a reaction would be always spontaneous. 3. When ? H gt; 0 and ? S lt; 0, a reaction is never spontaneous. Explain. 4. Comment on the spontaneity of a reaction at constant temperature and pressure in the following cases i) ? H lt; 0 and ? S gt; 0 (ii) ? H gt; 0 and ? S lt; 0 (iii) ? H lt; 0 and ? S lt; 0 (iv) ? H gt; 0 and ? S gt; 0 5. State third law of thermodynamics. 6. Explain the term residual entropy. 15 Unit 7: Equilibrium 7. 12. 1 pH OF BUFFER SOLUTIONS : HENDERSON – HASSELBALCH EQUATION As you have already learnt in the previous section a buffer solution is a soluti on which resists change in its pH on the addition of small amount of acid or a base. Most of the important buffer solutions generally consist of mixtures of weak acids and their salts or weak bases and their salts. These buffer solutions are known as acidic buffers and basic buffers respectively. If the pH of the buffer solution is less than 7, it is called an acidic buffer and if the pH of the buffer solution is greater than 7 it is called a basic buffer. Examples of some acidic and basic buffers are as given below Acidic buffer Basic buffer 1) Acetic acid and sodium acetate 1) Ammonium hydroxide and ammonium chloride 2) Formic acid and sodium formate 2) Ammonium hydroxide and ammonium nitrate pH of an acidic buffer A very common example of an acidic buffer is a mixture of acetic acid and sodium acetate. Acetic acid, being a weak acid, is very slightly dissociated, while sodium acetate being a salt is completely dissociated. The mixture thus contains acetic acid molecules as well acetate ions and sodium ions. At equilibrium: CH3COOH(aq) H+ (aq) + CH3COO-(aq) Taking the negative logarithm on both the sides, we get 16 †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦(7. 39) In general, †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦(7. 40) It may be noted that the concentration of the acetate ions is taken to be almost equal to the concentration of the salt because the acetate ions coming from fully dissociated salt (here sodium acetate) suppress the ionization of the weak acid (acetic acid). This equation (7. 0) is called Henderson- Hasselbalch equation. According to this equation, the pH of an acidic buffer consisting of a mixture of a weak acid and its salt depends on the pKa of the acid, and the concentrations of the salt and acid in the mixture. If concentration of the sa lt is equal to that of the acid, then Buffer action of Acidic buffer The buffer action of an acidic buffer consisting of a mixture of acetic acid and sodium acetate can be explained in the following way. If we add small amount of HCl to the buffer solution it will ionise to give H+ ions. These combine with CH3COO- ions to form weakly ionized acetic acid. CH3COO-(aq) + H+(aq) ? CH3COOH(aq) + H2O(l) Since H+ ions get neutralised by CH3COO- ions, there will be no change in pH. On the other hand, if we add a few drops of NaOH to the buffer solution, it provides OH- ions which are neutralized by the acetic acid present in the mixture. 17 OH-(aq) + CH3COOH(aq) ? CH3COO-(aq) + H2O(l) Therefore the pH of the solution remains unchanged. pH of a Basic Buffer A very common example of a basic buffer is a mixture of ammonium hydroxide and ammonium chloride. Ammonium hydroxide being a weak base is very slightly dissociated, while ammonium chloride being a salt is completely dissociated. The mixture thus contains ammonium hydroxide molecules as well as ammonium ions and chloride ions. At equilibrium, NH4OH(aq) NH4+(aq) + OH-(aq) Taking the negative logarithm on both the sides, we get †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦(7. 41) In general, †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦(7. 42) 18 It may be noted that the concentration of the ammonium ions is taken to be almost equal to the concentration of the salt because ammonium ions coming from the fully dissociated salt (here ammonium chloride) suppress the ionization of the weak base ammonium hydroxide. This equation (7. 42) is called Henderson- Hasselblach equation. Further, pH can be calculated easily from pOH using Hence, It may be noted that pKa + pKb = 14 Buffer action of basic buffer The buffer action of a basic buffer consisting of a mixture of ammonium hydroxide and ammonium chloride can be explained in the following way. If a few drops of HCl are added to the buffer solution, it will ionise to give H+ ion which will combine with OH- ions to form H2O. H+(aq) + OH- (aq) ? H2O(l) Therefore, the addition of HCl will not change the pH. On the other hand, when a few drops of NaOH solution are added to the buffer solution, it would give OH- ions. These OH- ions combine with NH4+ ions present in the solution to form NH4OH, which is only slightly ionised. OH-(aq) + NH4+ (aq) ? NH4OH(aq) Hence, the addition of a base also will not change the pH. 19 EXERCISE 1. A certain buffer is made by mixing sodium formate and formic acid in water. With the help of equations explain how this buffer neutralizes addition of a small amount of an acid or a base. 2. A basic buffer is made by mixing ammonium hydroxide and ammonium nitrate in water. Explain how this buffer resists change in its pH on addition of a small amount of an acid or a base. 3. What would be the pH of a solution obtained by mixing 10 g of acetic acid and 15 g of sodium acetate and making the volume equal to 1 L. Dissociation constant of acetic acid at 25oC is 1. 75 x 10-5. 4. A buffer solution contains 0. 40 mol of ammonium hydroxide and 0. 50 mol of ammonium chloride to make a buffer solution of 1 L. Calculate the pH of the resulting buffer solution. Dissociation constant of ammonium hydroxide at 25oC is 1. 81 x 10-5. Answers 3. pH = 4. 80 4. 9. 161 20 Class XII Unit 16: Chemistry in Everyday Life 16. 4. 2. 1. ANTIOXIDANTS Antioxidants are one of the important and necessary food additives. These compounds retard the action of oxygen on food thus reducing its speed of decomposition by oxidation. Hence they help in the preservation of food. These act as sacrificial materials, i. e. these are more reactive towards oxygen than are the materials they are protecting. They also reduce the rate of involvement of free radicals in the aging process. Examples: The two most familiar antioxidants used are butylated hydroxy toluene (BHT) and butylated hydroxy anisole (BHA) (Figure 1). These phenolic compounds are added to preserve fats in packaged food. Oxygen reacts preferentially with BHA or BHT rather than oxidizing fats or oils, thereby protecting them from spoilage. The addition of BHA to butter increases its storage life from months to years. Sometimes, BHT and BHA are added in combination with citric or ascorbic acids to produce a more active synergetic effect. Figure 1: Butylated hydroxy toluene (BHT) and butylated hydroxy anisole (BHA) Sulphur dioxide and sulphites ( such as sodium sulphite, sodium bisulphite and sodium metabisulphite) are useful antioxidants for wine and beers, sugars syrups and cut, peeled or dried fruits and vegetables. They prevent or reduce their discoloration. 21 EXERCISE 1. Name one antioxidant commonly used to increase the storage life of butter. 2. Name one antioxidant used in wine and beers. 22a How to cite Cbse Chemistry Notes for 11 and 12, Papers

The Girl in the Studio free essay sample

The rush of nerves overwhelms my body when I follow my team to the curtain. I hear the crowd roaring waiting for our appearance. This rush of excitement and fear almost devoured me until they announced our team. Pushing back the curtain, we run out onto the mat and wave to the crowd with fake smiles holding back our nervous mindset. I move to my spot and clench my fists while whispering â€Å"Let’s do this† just loud enough for my team to hear it. Once the music begins I lose all sense of fear and tenseness. It almost feels like I’m watching myself perform with my team from the crowd. I lose myself in the music and perform as if I wasn’t nervous at all. The 3 minutes we performed only felt like 5 seconds. Immediately when we are done performing I hear the crowd scream in joy and I hear cheering from our other teams. We will write a custom essay sample on The Girl in the Studio or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page We all run off the mat, hug each other and remind ourselves that this is why we dance. Dancing is defined as â€Å"to move ones feet or body, or both, rhythmically in a pattern of steps, especially to the accompaniment of music† but, dancing is so much more than that. Dance for me is a release, a place for me to be myself and release any feelings I have in a positive way. When I went to my other school I was bullied a lot because I was from the city and I was â€Å"different†. They tended to pick on my clothes and how I talked. I felt like I couldn’t escape my life and no matter how much I talked about it to an adult the torture never stopped. At one point even teachers went along with the bullying. Every day I cried and begged my mom to let me stay home from school and my grades plummeted tremendously. I felt like I was at the weakest, lowest point of my life. Before I exploded from everything Ive been bottling up, I joined dance. I think dance saved my life. I used my feelings to become a great competitive dancer. I spend many hours in the dance studio just practicing and even letting off some steam. I dance with my soul, you can see who I am by watching me dance. Its easy to show dramatically immense emotion in dance especially in Hip Hop (which is the type of dance I do). I think putting everything you can into a dance can make it magical. It can almost make it look like a movie and the dancer is the actor. You dont need any words to figure out whats going on, the voice is in the dance. I think my dancing has improved dramatically since I moved to a new school. Im happier and have many learned lessons under my belt. My mom told me that you can actually see that Im happier even in my routines. I learned to be myself and maybe there isnt such a thing as being normal. I enjoy my quirky weirdness and continue to embrace it. Now that I have a higher self esteem, I continue to thrive in dance because Im no longer afraid of judgment. Dancing has shaped my life and Ill continue to be that girl in the studio.

Business Meeting Etiquettes in Japan

Question: Describe about the Business Meeting Etiquettes in Japan? Answer: The Japanese business meetings etiquettes form the most quint essential base to nail a business deal in Japan. There are various greeting rituals and types of non-verbal communications considered as very essential gestures. Japanese are very sensitive towards these gestures. The basic gestures that must be followed in the meeting of Sandwich blitz are taking prior appointments much before the meeting. Once the meeting is fixed, the delegates should present their business cards with two hands. The business card written on both the sides is mostly preferred, written in both English and Japanese. The business attire should be taken care of (Japanventure.com, 2015). The men should be dressed in dark shades. Personal habits are also very noticeable in Japanese meetings. The non-verbal communication may include the bowing (Kwintessential.co.uk, 2015). It is mandatory to greet one another by bowing amongst the Japanese, however they are slight liberal when it comes to foreigners but it`s be tter to bend a slight. Things to know prior the meeting: Dalman and Lei should know all the information regarding Sandwich Blitz and Lei as lack of adequate information may led to inconvenience. All the papers should be ready prior the meeting, as delay is considered as a negative attitude. Apart from non-verbal communication and other gestures, the body language of the client is to be very appropriate. Hence, the business decisions are influenced a lot by the gestures of the clients during Japanese meetings (Hussain, 2010). References Hussain, S. (2010).Business etiquettes. Jaipur: Yking Books. Japanventure.com,. (2015). Retrieved 5 February 2015, from https://www.japanventure.com Kwintessential.co.uk,. (2015).Japan - Language, Culture, Customs and Etiquette | global-etiquette | resources. Retrieved 5 February 2015, from https://www.kwintessential.co.uk/resources/global-etiquette/japan-country-profiles.html